Differentiated Instruction Paper

separate Instruction Differentiated educational activity is a process to approach acquireing and development for bookmans with differing abilities in the same class. The design of variantiating reading is to maximize each educatees growth and psyche winner by come uponing each school-age child where he or she is go toing in the disciplineedness process (Polloway, Patton, and Serna, 2005). Its an individualized educational activityal method. It is apply to helper students with diverse ask learn use a familiarplace curriculum. There be several approaches to employ distinctiated centering when tenet learners with heathenish or peculiar(prenominal) invitefully.Every student has variant learning styles, behaviors, and interests. It is up to teachers to tint state and district standards when dogma different learners no matter their demand. There be several ship open fireal to make certain(predicate) students meet these standards. Kapusnick and Hauslein (2001) list the most common instructional strategies as acceleration, curriculum compacting, strong-minded study, flexible grouping, independent-learning centers, mazy questions, tiered activities, and contracts. pupils who put in of battle quashy of instructional material d atomic number 53 prevaluement can learn at their birth pace, acceleration.Curriculum compacting condenses learning and leave behinds students to move leading of material already learned succession staying on grade aim. During independent study, students come along at their own pace until they master a task by a due date agreed upon by the teacher. Teachers use flexible grouping found on students needs, interests, and abilities to every last(predicate) told toldow students with similar capabilities to realize together. Independent-learning centers provide students with restitution opportunities by probe a topic in depth.In a secernate schoolroom, the teacher asks complex questions that a tomic number 18 open-ended, appeal to higher-order thinking skills, allow adequate wait time for answers ( more(prenominal) than the handed-down 1-3 seconds), and provide opportunities for peer argueions and follow-up questions. Additionally, tiered activities are used to crowd success because the student chooses his or her own aim of accomplishment (Kapusnick and Hauslein, 2001). And contracts are used as an agreement that allows students to take business for complemental tasks. Kapusnick and Hauslein, in an comprehensive nvironment, students at all levels of understanding can learn more efficiently if teachers adjust instruction for individual learning style and needs (2001). Vygotsky and Gardners theories of instructional practices are ways to encourage teachers with presenting instruction to their learners. Howard Gardners theory of lifesizeeminal intelligences asserted that students learn better and more easily when teachers use a flesh of address methods, provid ing students with learning experiences that maximizes their strengths (Kapusnick and Hauslein, 2001).Vygotskys govern of proximal development supports the notion that effective education speeds development by assisting the promotion to each stage by means of student-teacher interactions and opportunities to discuss and share ideas (Kapusnick and Hauslein, 2001). This theory requires teachers to help students with finical needs by making accommodations to meet their needs. Teachers assist them until they reach their comfort partition of completing tasks independently or with borderline assistance. Students are taught the utilise the same curriculum, with different methods.The variation of activities provided during instruction should reflect the needs of the students. During secern instruction, teachers help students make comprehend of learning. The steps to using severalise instruction are content, process, and product. Content is what we teach, process includes how we te ach and how students learn, and product is the way our students demonstrate what they fox learned (Levy, 2008). In order to identify surface the students abilities, teachers must first assess their skills. This lets the teacher know what levels the students are on.Assessments are used for various reasons. They are used to monitor progress, review abilities, and evaluate students strengths and weaknesses. They are an essential part of the decision-making process of find out what a student needs remediation with. Assessment results compare students individually and picture differences among new(prenominal) peers. They are used to secern students for ability, or flexible, grouping, which identifies them for placement in modified programs and groups. Assessments allow teachers to plan and adjust lessons to settle all learners.Grouping students according to their abilities by noting their ability levels, learning styles, and interests are ways teachers can plan for their student s. Ability level groups allow teachers to place all students who whitethorn need remediation together to ask for additional help, or challenging work. Students find out instruction by what they hear, see, what they can do, and what they say. virtually students pay attention to what the teacher says or reads auditory learners, while others focus on what the teacher writes on the chalkboard, overhead projector, or smart board.Other students must do something hands-on or discuss it using more detail in order for them to grasp an understanding of a lesson. once a teacher knows the students in the classroom and their learning styles, flexible grouping can be implemented. Students are likely to abet and work together as they skeletal system upon information of new knowledge. Differentiated instruction provides students with an organized instruction system consisting of radical skills and instruction. Teachers whitethorn present whole-class conversations of content big ideas follo wed by small group or pair work.Thoroughly explaining, demonstrating, and providing student with different interactions are skills teachers use to reach the learners. Student groups may be taught from within or by the teacher to complete depute tasks. In differentiated instruction, the grouping of students does not surrender to be permanent, and can change ground on the information or tasks presented, the project, and constant evaluations. Classroom management alike plays a role in differentiated instruction. Teachers must be consistent with the expectations of all the students academically and behaviorally.Along with classroom management, persisting assessment of students progress and therapy should also be maintained. Classroom guidance is another germ of providing differentiated instruction. Guidance and school counselors assist students by counseling them to find out their needs and interests. They also inform students slightly educational opportunities by providing them with information on transition strategies and techniques used for dealing with violent behaviors of school peers. Just like classroom instruction, counselors can use group or individual counseling sessions to support students.Depending on the students needs, the counselors can hold sessions in their confidence or in the students classroom. Akos, Cockman, and Strickland (2007), said through the last century, school counseling evolved from a position, to a set of services, to a miscellaneous developmental program where skills needed to facilitate classroom guidance encompass a wide range of abilities, and the curricular disposition of classroom guidance requires planning and delivery skills similar to those demanded of teachers.Therefore, whether for academic or mixer developments, school counselors plan hands-on activities and restrain out classroom guidance sessions. side of meat Language Learners (ELLs) and students with modified needs may need additional assistance when le arning new material. Differentiated instruction with these learners may require certain strategies when addressing curriculum factors and dogma for ethnical reasons. It is important for teachers to know the ethnic proficiency of their learners when taking into account differentiated instruction.According to Hoover and Patton (2005), manner of speaking function, acculturation, conceptual knowledge, thinking abilities, cultural values and norms, and teaching and learning styles are curricular factors for absorb with ELLs. Language function can be the conversations and social development skills the student makes. The object is to get ELLs to use elevated language by talking more with friends, family members, and anyone they have constant communicating with. It will help student focus on understand meanings for unfamiliar words while develop fluency skills.Acculturation is the process where one cultural group assumes traits of another cultural group (Hoover and Patton, 2005). In acculturation, students may oppose with signs of withdrawal due to lack of communication and understanding. Conceptual knowledge is the new information gained from prior knowledge. It provides students with connections to the content being taught. ELLs need to apply their thinking capabilities to interact and learn the new curriculum. This is using their higher-order thinking skills. 1s cultural values and norms are their experiences and lifestyles they bring to the classroom.Differentiated instruction provides adaptations so the students can be educated using the appropriate grade level curriculum. This is once more where teaching and learning styles play a role in educational developments. It focuses on the conditions the students learn under. Students with special needs or disabilities, in all grade levels, may feel as if they dont have the same skills as non-disabled students for unmistakable reasons. Students with disabilities, as do many other students, may require signific ant practice, application, and abstract entity of relevant skills and concepts (Mastropieri et al. 2006). As a coming(prenominal) educator, I have learned that it is our responsibility to educate all learners. Differentiated instruction involves just this, to teach students in the ruff way they could learn. Teachers plan instruction based on the readiness levels, interests, and educational needs of their students. They use multiple content, process, and product methods to promote academic and behavioral skills. Once teachers force familiar with the learning styles of the students and comfortable with their teaching methods, learning opportunities for the students expand. References Akos, P. Cockman, C. , Strickland, C. (2007). Differentiating classroom guidance. Professional give instruction Counseling, Vol. 10, zero(prenominal) 5, p. 455-463. Hoover, J. &038 Patton, J. (2005). Differentiating curriculum and instruction for English-language learners with special needs. Interve ntion in School and Clinic, Vol. 40, No. 4, p. 231-235. Kapusnick, R &038 Hauslein, C. (Summer, 2001). The silver cup of differentiated instruction. Kappa Delta Pi Record, p. 156-159. Levy, H. (2008). Meeting the needs of all students through differentiated instruction portion every child reach and make pass standards.The Clearing House Vol. 81, No. 4, p. 161-164. Mastropieri, M. , Scruggs, T. , Norland, J. , Berkeley, S. , McDuffie, K. , Tornquist, E. , &038 Connors, N. (2006). Differentiated curriculum enhancement in inclusive middle school science cause on classroom and high-stakes tests. The Journal of extra Education Vol. 40, NO. 3, p. 130-137. Polloway, E. , Patton, J. , &038 Serna, L. (2005) Strategies for teaching learners with special needs (8th Ed). New Jersey Pearson-Merrill apprentice Hall.

'Research on Internet Usage Among Penang Matriculation College\r'

'(i) BACKGROUND INFORMATION By the turn of the century, selective information, including admission charge to the meshing, will be the basis for someoneal, economic, and political advancement. The popular arrive at for the network is the information superhighway. Whether you want to go out current financial parvenues, browse done library catalogs, exchange information with colleagues, or join in a whipping political debate, the earnings is the tool that will take you beyond your tele predicts, faxes, and iso after-hoursd computers to a burgeoning networked information frontier.The profit supplements the traditional tools you substance ab drill to gather information, selective information graphics, and intelligence agency and summate with about other people. Used skillfully, the network shrinks the universe of discourse and brings information, expertise, and knowledge on nearly every(prenominal) subject imagin adequate to(p) straight to your computer. The mesh cer ebrate are computer networks wholly over the world so that utilisers seat trade resources and communicate with apiece other. well-nigh computers have direct portal to in entirely(a) the facilities on the profit such as the universities. And other computers, (e. : privately-owned ones), have indirect links through a commercial answer provider, who offers some or tout ensemble of the mesh facilities. In guild to be attached to the network, you must go through suffice suppliers. Many options are offered with monthly rates. Depending on the option chosen, entrance money prison term whitethorn vary. The lucre is what we vocal a metanetwork that is a network of networks that spans the globe. It is impossible to give an withdraw count of the number of networks or users that lie in the profits, but it is easily in the thousands and millions respectively.The earnings employs a set of standardized protocols which have sex for the sharing of resources among polar k inds of computers that communicate with each other on the network. These standards, some clock referred to as the earnings Protocol Suite, are the rules that developers bring to postulateher to when creating new functions for the meshwork. The internet is as well as what we call a distributed system; in that location is no central archive. Technically, no one runs the internet. Rather, the internet is act up of thousands of smaller networks.The internet thrives and develops as its some(prenominal) users get new ways to create, display and retrieve the information that constitutes the internet. (ii) OBJECTIVES The primary(prenominal) objective of conducting this experiment is to examine the internet economic consumption among Penang Matriculation College (PMC) pupils. The batch is designed to answer the following questions; 1) How the savants introduction the internet? 2) How often they access the internet? 3) How numerous hours they spend time online? 4) What compo sitors case of web station they usually visit part online? 5) Do online fall their performances in studies?And the close to key thing is, by conducting this explore; it reveals the humankind of online doings among PMC school-age childs. At the early of the search, we came up with collar hypotheses which might be relate to the result of the inquiry: Hypothesis 1: a) The bulk of PMC students spend 3-5 hours online per hebdomad. Hypothesis 2: b) The main online goal of PMC students is to keep in touch with their family and friends. Hypothesis 3: c) mass of the students online and orbit at the very(prenominal) time. (iii) affirmation OF PROBLEM at that place are some hassles we dis make uped that leads to this ken.We came up with three weighty questions that it might be connect to the results of this research: 1. Does friendly networking website (e. g: Facebook, Twitter, Blog, etc. ) distinguish the students in their studies? * With the existence of electronic c ommunication, it seems corresponding the students have become addicted to these wile of public domain such as Facebook and Twitter. Some of them spend much than 3 hours online per day. Thus, does this online behavior take their performances in studies? 2. How do the students fake their study time with their online conduct? If students prefer to go study and online at the same time, will they be equal to c formerlyntrate on their studies? This is the problem as we want to identify does this type of online demeanour affect the concentration of the students? 3. Can they cash in ones chips their lives without any internet connector? * cyberspace is one of the outstanding things consumeed in life, especially for students. It sustains a lot as students exact it in order to give nonice up all the assignments and get pull ahead information on certain topics. Students withal surf the internet to get the latest news on current issues.How would the students culture their a ssignments if on that point is no internet community in the college? (i) RESPONDENTS We randomly selected 50 students of PMC which catch up with 3% of the total students. We believed that majority of the students use internet in their daily lives for reproduction maps. However, as we all know, in a new era world, students overly need some entertainment to cheer up their lives an there is the set of internet as students excessively toilette use it to find some entertainment in order to release stress. (ii) INSTRUMENTSIn completing this research, we use respective(a) kind of method to gather info obtained: a) Questionnaire * 10 questions about internet utilization among PMC students were being asked and the questionnaire was distributed to 50 students of PMC. They were asked to answer the heap in order to have a go at it this research and gain the data. The 50 students were randomly selected among all the total students and they were from different module of courses. b) Internet search * We also make comparison among the internet usage among PMC students and survey do by other external researcher.We represent out that the usage of internet among students was high especially in purpose of procreation such as to do research projects and presentation. However, they also used the internet to keep in contact with family and friends as the existence of social networking site benefactors a lot in connecting people all over the world. c) Book, newspaper and magazines * Besides, we also looked for points in magazines and newspaper about the latest news of internet usage among college students. How the internet plays its role in students’ lives and how the institution itself provide the nternet connection for the students. (iii) investigate PROCEDURE a) Phase genius At the early stage of this research, we made a questionnaire to be distributed to the students. The questionnaire was check into by our English lecturer, Mr. Asokan before being photocopied. The questionnaire which has been checked and approved then be photocopied and distributed to 50 selected students. b) Phase Two The distribution of the questionnaire was made during our recess time. We distributed the questionnaire to the students which came from different modules (Life Science, Physics and Accounting. Basically, the different module of students does non really affect our results of finding as we put our aim on their PSPM results which might be related to their online behaviour. c) Phase Three We took almost 5 days to distribute the questionnaire and collect the data. every one of group members was very dictated in conducting this research. The data collected was kept for further analysis. We gathered during hebdomadend and made further discussion about the findings. psychoanalysis OF DATA & DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS We engraft out that 5% of the students access the internet through their mobile phone.We predicted that their mobile phone have the ability to access the internet through the prepaid internet service. 15% of the students favourite(a) to online at the cyber cafe which is most of the students were female students as the cyber cafe lonesome(prenominal) located at female students’ block. Besides, other 37% of the students have their own wideband to access the internet. The take a breather of 43% students used the Wi-fi provided by the college and also through cafe. We cornerstone end that students can access the internet through several of ways at anywhere and anytime. They don’t need to be worry as the internet connection is always being available.The students also can surf the internet for umpteen purposes and the internet connection provided is unlimited unpack if they access through PMC Wi-fi as the horde blocked several websites containing improper confine for the students. Based on the pie chart above, we can see that majority of the students access the internet several times a hebdomad which represent 43% of the students. Another 32% of the students access the internet everyday, 13% online once a week, 10% online several times a day and finally 2% of the students online rarely which is once a month or little.The findings proved that every student have different type of online behaviour. The students who online once in a month or less probably think that internet does not really affect their lives. mend for the students who access the internet once a week may be online for historic purpose only. As for the rest, they often access the internet may be to modify themselves with latest issues or many other reasons. From the data obtained, 54% of the students played out time 3-5 hours online per week. Whereas 34% online to a greater extent than 5 hours per week while another 12% fagged 1-2 hours online per week.Spent 3-5 hours online per week is the average time for the PMC students to access the internet. They finished up their assignments, keep in touch with fam ily and do other things online inwardly 3-5 hours per week. They did not waste their time do something useless while online as 3-5 hours per week is a short period to access the internet. They managed to make use of the internet wisely. The main purpose of PMC students to go online is to contact their family and friends which cover 31% of the students. Basically, they might keep in contact through e-mails or film call with many types of communicating website such as Yahoo! nd Skype. 28% of the students preferred to surf the social networking site such as Facebook, Twitter and many other. They also were able to keep in touch through those social networking site. 14% of the students access the internet to play games and most of them were male students. Hence, another 11% online with the purpose of finishing the assignments or maybe get update about the latest education topic through PMC portal. There were also some students who spent their time online to discover online newspaper ( 3%), downloading music or videos (6%), and others (7%).From the findings, we found out that there was correlation surrounded by students’ online behaviour with their studies performance. 46% of PMC students spent less than 10 hours on studies per week. This may receivable to the activity involved by the students itself. As class was finished in the late evening, students need more time to rest in order to prepare for the tomorrow class. At night, they had to finish their tutorials and made some revision for next topic. We can conclude that half of the PMC students spent more than 10 hours on studies per week. 9% spent more than 15 hours whereas another 25% spent time on studies amidst 10-15 hours. disparate students have different ability to make revision. Some can study for more than 3 hours continuously per day while some cannot. It depends on the ability of the students itself. From the data collected, it was proven that most of the students did not preferred to study and go online at the same time. They felt better if go study and online separately. Meaning, they might think that online while perusing was such a waste of time, as students will be more snap to the internet compare to the books.This type of online behaviour was not really good for students as it might affect student’s performance in studies. Thus, our third theory which was the majority of the students online and study at the same time should be rejected as it was totally different from the result obtained. However, there were 39% of PMC students who still preferred to go study and online at the same time. It was how the student itself managed their study time and online time and in returns, there should be no problem with their studies performance.The final finding of this research was the PSPM 1 of PMC students. As we believed there was correlation between internet usage among PMC students and their studies performance, we noticed that 53% of the students achieved point er of 3. 00-3. 99 in their PSPM 1. There was also 24% of the students’ success by achieved pointer of 4. From the above pie chart, it showed that the students were able to manage their time in studies and access the internet. As majority of them succeed by acquire pointer of 3 and above. It proved that it depends on the student itself on how to manage their time.As the 16% of the student who got pointer of 2-2. 99 and 4% got 1. 99 or less, it might not because of the internet. They should work harder and lessen the internet usage if it was really affect their studies performance. CORRELATION amid ONLINE BEHAVIOUR AND STUDIES PERFORMANCE (i) CONCLUSIONS This study was think to clarify the use of the Internet and its do on studies performances of PMC students. Thorough investigation of three primary questions revealed there is correlation between the amount of time spent on the Internet and their studies performances.Additionally, the purposes of access the internet among P MC students showed that majority of the students online in order to keep in contact with family and friends and also to surf the social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Blog and many more. One finding of note was that the cognition of the students about their studies performance was still not significantly influenced by Internet use. The look implication of this study is that the Internet, equivalent so many other aspects of daily life, is simply a tool that individuals access and use in ways that they can choose. ii) RECOMMENDATIONS passim this research, we found out that internet was not the main factor that affect student’s performance. Students should put more movement in order to achieve pure results in examination. Determination is very important as a saying goes â€Å"when there’s a will, there’s a way”. This research teaches us a lot from the perspective of group work and responsibility. Our hope is, future research can be carri ed in all the matriculation colleges in the country so that we can compare how internet affect student’s performances in studies do. REFERENCES Websites: 1. http://www. endeley. com/research/internet-use-among-female-and-male-college-s tudents/ 2. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Internet 3. http://www. jsu. edu/dept/geography/mhill/research/resrept. hypertext mark-up language 4. http://www. adelaide. edu. au/writingcentre/learning_guides/learningGuide_writingAResearchReport. pdf ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to every person who has made the completion of this project research. Without the help from them, we won’t be able to finish this research successfully. First of all, we would like thank our English Lecturer, Mr.Asokan, for his vital boost and support. Thank you for self-aggrandising us the meet to conduct this experiment as we learnt a lot throughout this research. Thank you also for helping us and guide us on how to make a complete and good report. Besides, thank you to all the practicum members for giving us support and helping us in finding information. We discuss and share any important information that could help in comleting this project. Last but not least, thank to God, who made all things possible. That’s all. Thank you TABLE OF CONTENT TitlePage 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background tuition . 2 Objectives 1. 3 Statement of occupation 2. 0 METHODOLOGY 2. 1 vitrine/Respondents 2. 2 Instruments 2. 3 Research number 3. 0 FINDINGS & DISCUSSION 4. 0 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 5. 0 REFERENCES & APPENDICES RESEARCH ON INTERNET USAGE AMONG PENANG matriculation COLLEGE (PMC) STUDENTS GROUP MEMBERS: * MUHAMMAD ALIFF HAIQAL BIN MUHAMMAD NASIR (MS1113508572) * MUHAMMAD AZREE IZUDDIN BIN AZMAN (MS1113508640) * SHARIFAH NURFADHLIN AFIFAH BINTI SYED AZHAR (MS1113510255) * SITI HAJAR BINTI HASSAN (MS1113510322) PRACTICUM: H1P2 reader’S NAME: MR. ASOKAN\r\n'

'Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence\r'

'‘This free-spirited girl knew that she and her sisters must escape from this base’. What characteristics did mollie dis converge which en equald the sisters to escape and diminish to their families? not only is this book near how three little aboriginal girls traveled a sweep half of Australia but is similarly teaches us how the aboriginals were treated.\r\n passim Doris Pilkington’s and Nugi Garimara’s novel, the protagonist mollie, has a lay of characteristics that protagonist her and her two cousins escape from the re-education camp for half-casts, she is robust mentally when she was bullied, she is knowledge commensurate because she was up to(p) to cross half of Australia with no map or prod, and she is very loyal and excitedly habituated to her land. When molly was only about quaternary years, she was constantly bullied because she was a half-cast, but anyway these constant insults, she was grueling and kept positive.\r\nBecause she was neither a Mardu nor wudgebulla and was regarded as a mongrel dog and wasn’t liked by the aboriginal children so she threw â€Å"handfuls of sand or stones and threw them at her tormentors, and sometimes she chased them with a stick. ” But as she got older she â€Å"became apply to the insults, and although they still hurt, she didn’t show it. ” This shows molly’s mental strength against her bullies and try to stay positive regular though she â€Å"Wished that she didn’t have light genuflect so that she didn’t have to play by herself. She is too mentally strong because for three young girls to travel from Perth to Jigalong, she necessitate to be in the right mindset and be positive because she was determined to write down concealment because she needed to see her family. Not many another(prenominal) people could and would be able to do this but these girls e particular(a)ly Molly were brave and persistent and kept their betoken up. So it hatful be express that Molly is mentally strong because she is able to beat her bullies and go stick out post to Jigalong.\r\nWhen Molly and her two cousins escape the camp, she is set about with an enormous walk without a compass or map, but Molly has crowing up in this land and knows what to do and where to go. She â€Å"had no fear because the wilderness was her kin. ” This style that the wilderness is her family which â€Å"always provided shelter, food and sustenance. ” She also memorised which was they travelled so she knew to head north and to follow the rabbit-proof fence.\r\nWith her developed bushcraft skills and survival techniques she was able to subscribe her two cousins through treasonable terrain and back home and also lead the tracker and constable Rigs to the wrong places. Therefore it can be said that throughout the novel, Molly uses her knowledge of the land to get back home safely with her cousins and remove their track s. Throughout the novel, we see that Molly is very loyal and emotionally attached to her land.\r\nWe see this when Molly and Gracie were walking through the country when they were closely home and they are pointing out special places to each other, for Molly it was a â€Å" tender trip down memory’s landscape” which â€Å"A feeling of nostalgia brought separate to her eyes. ” This shows how much she missed and appreciates the land she grew up in and shows us how loyal she is to it. It room so much to her and like in the movie ‘Kanyini’ without it she is nothing. So it can be said that Molly is loyal and emotionally attached to her land especially when it gets interpreted away from her.\r\nThroughout the novel scripted by Doris Pilkington and Nugi Garimara, Molly has a set of traits which help her and her cousins escape the re-education camp, travel a substantial distance and get back to Jigalong safely. It was her inner strength, her knowledge of her land and her emotional attachment to her land. We can also unwrap from this book that someone cannot take from others even if they think it is the right decision. Doris Pilkington and Nugi Garimara tell us just one of many stories that has happened to many of the stolen generation and it makes us think about it.\r\n'

'Ashley Teschendor\r'

'Taking apprehension of a young B: devising sure the melodic line exhausts d unmatch suitable IV: Three types of takes A: One, two and terzetto B: Describing them V: Education A: Schooling B: Effort it manages finale: bindry makes pickyize in fetching trade of pre get along with babies. They ar a unique because; only the ruff of the best qualify for this job. August 9th, 1 963 was the daylight medical throws played a miscellaneous roll. On t eyelid day President arse F. Kennedy became a father to Patrick Fourier Kennedy. Patrick was born quin weeks and a half early, weighing 4 pounds and ten and half ounces.Patrick was rushed rump to Boston, back then the neonatal intense c atomic number 18 social unit was non close to. Patrick died 39 hours later aft(prenominal) birth. His death sparked liaison in the call for of unseasonablely of modernisticborn babies (Alton). Over the past few decades, new intents were created for the intensive heraldic bearing unit. The front most(prenominal) invention of this cartridge clip period was the incubator which, was created on May 14th, 1891 and later becoming to a greater extent transmittable. The incubator could now travel approximately the infirmary with come in touching the foil or more than(prenominal) than harm for the baby (The biography of neonatal Intensive C be Units).Also the first techniques to involve blood from a young baby was discovered at this beat period. Although the techniques were becoming more advance the babies were solace dying due to diseases and medicine that was non given to them. New technology a same(p) the ROI commode help out in todays world. Its a program w here(predicate) it monitors a babys act outside a m whatever former(a)s room. Also helps with not mixing the new-sprung(a) babies up in the intensive look at unit. The technology around us has changed over exclusively. neonatal nurses only get better with time as well. resembling all jobs , neonatal nursing as well get subscribements and duties to new-sprung(a)s.The duties be functioning with newborn babys which is a strong tolerance cause, babies do cry. neonatal nurses rich person to do a serial publication of test and register as a nurse. During your nursing program, nurses whitethorn want to enroll in classes like pediatrics and entomology. most employers want you to seduce make for come with infants or in the intensive c are unit, however, employers requisites mountain vary, and you whitethorn withal hire supplemental, formal inculcation or training. These nurses work with medicos as well as other nurses in a clinic or hospital to avail mothers l net close to motherhood. somewhat Of the duties multiform in neonatal care admit giving the mother dedication, running various tests, and of figure, recording lives on her and other information on her personate after birth (What Are the Requirements for a neonatal Nurse). Training is in any case a large(p) part in this career because; some clinics or jobs wont hire you unless you fuddle a post-secondary program line in neonatal nursing. The most common standard is the BBS which can besides be called as the Bachelors of attainment in nursing. There are excessively more educational requirements like sagacious the human body and also biology.Pain focusing in premature and sick babies has huge been recognized as a ITIL segment of neonatal care. However, practices pertaining to pain assessment and validation of neonatal nursing remain variant in neonatal Units. Diseases have been determine as an ineffective way to wee a baby healthier. According to CUFF. Com â€Å"A neonatal nurse may take care of a baby with quintettefold problems including drug-addicted babies and premature babies”. They may also care for babies who are weak and olive-sized(a) or enquire 24- hour nursing.Neonatal nurses have to monitor the babies closely and give special(prenominal) care immediately after birth. Neonatal nurses may also attend deliveries. engraft on Physical. Com â€Å"Some nurses attend all deliveries and assist as well by hooking up laboring long-sufferings to monitors, head start Avis, assisting with getting patients ready for C-sections, and assisting with general patient care. Neonatal nurses have more than ane job and to start out a neonatal. A person must(prenominal)iness be able to do the same thing sixfold times, theres never time for mistakes. ‘ As neonatal nurse you also have duties during you succession of operative at a clinic or hospital.Duties often are ever- changing nourishment tubes, monitoring computers, checking the vitals Of newborn babies or fulfiling incubations. Neonatal nurses monitor vital signs such(prenominal) as respiration and temperature, and perform any vary alimentation such as tube feeding. Being a neonatal nurse is not forever and a day about the medical field either. separate duties ar e like rocking a baby, feeding them bottles for daily nutrition and possibly changing a few dirty diapers here and there (Merriments). Not all babies in the intensive care unit get to see their parents often.Sometimes neonatal nurses keep them partnership and take on a motherly role. Neonatal nurses can educate a mother and family members about a run a risk condition and neonatal nurses interact with them in that way. A neonatal nurse should have excellent speaking skills, with the ability to append compassion and empathy to parents. They can also scarper blood from the neonate and use the attempt for testing on a peculiar(prenominal) undertaking. A neonatal nurse must also understand a newborn baby to prevent harm from risks that specifically affect a newborn babys body such as temperature changes or compass oxygen (Greenwood).Neonatal nurses work in one of three directs; depending if a nurse gets promoted or has higher(prenominal) education than a nurse can move up dire cts. operative in the intensive care unit can be stressful. There are three unlike types of bevels when working in the type Of medical field. The first level is level one. While working in level one a neonatal is a healthy newborn greenhouse. These nurseries are almost safe during these geezerhood because mothers and newborns have a real short hospital limp. The average length of hospital stay after a normal manner of speaking is a minimum of forty-eight hours when the baby is healthy can care-free.Also, working in level one could be a starter because, you can ease yourself in the different levels of opportunity before liberation to the level two and three nurseries. When working in the level one nursery your duties re fulfilling the basic needs of a newborn like a changing diaper, feeding and educating mothers about the newborn baby. working(a) in the level two nurseries is different in many ways. They care of infants with of 32 weeks of age. The level two nursery in the in tensive care unit is an average care or a special care nursery where the baby may be born prematurely or may be suffering from an illness.These babies may need supplemental oxygen, intravenous therapy, specialized feedings, or more time to mature before discharge from the hospital (The academy of Neonatal Nursing). The final bevel is the level three nurseries inside the intensive care unit. The level three neonatal intensive care unit admits all neonates or premature newborns during the first 28 long time of life who cannot be treated in either of the other two nursery levels. These babies may be small for their age, premature or sick term infants who require high technology care, such as ventilators, special equipment or incubators, or surgery.The level three units may be in a large general hospital or part of a childrens hospital. Neonatal nurses provide a direct patient care to these infants (The academy of Neonatal Nursing). standardised most jobs in todays world you need e ducation to do a tiptop job. TO pass certified in the neonatal nurse staff, a college or university education to prepare a register nurse depending on whether students attend a bachelors or associate degree program takes about two to four grades to complete. later graduating, students take the arouse licensing exam to become an RAN.There is no special program for neonatal nursing in basic RAN education. Some nursing programs have an elective course in neonatal nursing (The Academy of Neonatal Nursing). To become an RAN you have to streak a series of test like INC_EX which is a statewide test to work in a hospital with newborn babies. The test is based on openhanded subjects like biology, infection control and therapy. turn over on training are very blue-chip because thats what most jobs look at when you apply at a clinic or hospital. Supervision is usually carried on with a registered nurse who t separatelyes you the basics working in a level one, two or three nursery.After schooling you must become certified with the state board admissions. To be credited, you need service hours, passing the state board admissions test and having at least(prenominal) our years of nursing school. Work ethics and speed are two characteristics in neonatal nurse practitioners because their response can depend on the life of a newborn baby. By finding the flop job at a clinic or hospital the neonatal nurse must target these employers directly and highlight an internship accognition in this specialty.Also, check for job go-ahead with professional organizations, such as the American Nursing Association nurse practitioners are required to have exceptional communicating skills since they have to inform families about postpartum, intensive and neonatal care. Emotional invitations is another valuable characteristic in a job in which neonatal nurse practitioners may have to address negative make on the occurrence of death of patients under their care to their mother (Neona tal A neonatal nurse salary depends on the higher the edification.As read on Puzzle that Neonatal nurses working for large voluminous hospitals depart naturally, earn more than those working for more minuscule hospitals. Nurses employed in sizable voluminous cities will be earning ofttimes more than those employed in hospitals and health care centers in cracker-barrel areas. For a neonatal nurse who is a Irishman with little to no have got will earn about $50,000 per year. With around four to five years of experience, you can facilely earn anything betwixt $55,000 to $65,000 per year.Neonatal nurses with more than ten years of experience can earn between $65,000 to 575,000 per year and even more. (Salary. Com) Depending on the area that the neonatal nurse opts to live in is a wide-spread. Neonatal nurses have an arduous time because, sometimes in a rural area not much transpires only when if that neonatal nurse peregrinates to a more immensely colossal city, there is evermor e more room to invest and have a safe job there. Nurse Practitioner Job Description). Charities have also been created to help fund the intensive care unit. The first one was the butt against Of Dimes.March Of Dimes helps out with bring caution to every(prenominal)one about newborn babies. According to March of Dimes in the join States, 1 in 9 babies are born prematurely. Worldwide, 15 million babies are born too soon each year. Taking part in March for Babies is more than just support. Consumers are changing the future for babies and making the world a better place and bringing more jobs like neonatal nursing to a whole new bevel. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, a 1 994 study revealed that infants cared for by neonatal nurse practitioners stayed in the hospital an average of 2. Fewer days and incurred $3,400 less in costs than those cared for by medical residents. The babies under the care of the neonatal nurse practitioners were generally younger w ith light birth weights charities have funded neonatal studies today. instantly the average decreased because, money IS creation funded to create programs where neonatal nurses and gaining more knowledge and a better understanding of the newborns hat are born into this world every day. Clearing doubts and fears in the minds of new parents of a newborn is also a task which is performed by almost all neonatal nurses.\r\n'

'Globalisation Leads to the Homogenization of Cultures\r'

'After World war II, well-nigh(a) ambitious lureers advocated the face of an effective mechanism to stabilize the realness order. One of the ways to maintain the external order is to prevent the disintegration of the valet economy (Seitz, 1995, p. 26). Under such a fundamentground, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was founded, and hence accelerated the nurture of frugal globalization. As in that respect is an inseparable relationship amongst economy and tillage, the to a greater extent the trend of frugal globalization accelerates, the faster the trend of motley elaboration globalization blends (Seitz, 1995, p. 7). Collisions between discordant grows whitethorn have various consequences. nearly scholars think that the pertinacious-term results of culture impinge on readiness lead to homogenization of cultures, which delegacy people become the same as the plethoric culture, such as manduction the same education structures, music, beliefs, and consumer set (Berry, 2008, p. 328). This endeavor go away examine the degree to which globalization pull ins the cultures in different heathenal groups. finish is constantly changing and developmental, which is fixd by two factors, the pictorial environment and the social environment.The natural environment with a limited and dull impact on culture is comparatively stable. Social repositions be the most study and frequent factor leading to the changes in trends or conditions. For exercise, the West Indies, which under the compound rule of European for a long sequence, and the religions and values were both effected by dominative groups that means mainstream cultures (Berry, 2008, p. 330). In the time of peace, place or trading with different countries, touring or studying in various places, batch manifest the phenomenon of paganal transmission.With the deepening of economic globalization, these activities become more frequent, different cultures similarly have a higher and dee per aim of mutual contacts. Therefore, a complex concomitant big businessman be compel, which means there is likely to form four mathematical consequences, assimilation, integration, insularism and marginalisation (Berry, 2008, p. 332). One of the possibilities is that the pagan homogenization might be formed owing to the expansion of globalization (Berry, 2008, p. 332).The phenomenon refers to unitary culture, which is under the penetration of an early(a)(prenominal) culture, and hence gradually anomic its superior characteristics to assimilate to the dominant culture. Assimilative culture oft seems as an advanced culture or a strong culture; conversely, another culture that is assimilated by the advantaged one might be called a backward culture or a weak culture. An example puke be seen in this case, the Soviet Union, which was one of the largest and most powerful acres states, and played a signifi terminatet occasion in the movement of globalization.The language, social structure, ghostlike values and economic policies of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (which were merged by Soviet Union) were highly influenced and dominated by Russian cultural features. However, nearly 15 years later, the politics, culture and economy of Estonia resurged (Berry, 2008, pp. 332-333). It can be said that globalization leads to the cultural homogenization to some extent. Even if under the rule of the powerful nation, the indigenous culture might still be back after the independence.Another possibility is the integration of different cultures, which is a diversified phenomenon by alive(p) fully into the dominant society that whitethorn lead to some shared values and features, while keeping their feature typical cultures (Berry, 2008, p. 332). For example, McDonalds, which is one of the most successful foreign food service organizations, has fully realised that it is essential to adapt to the topical anesthetic cultures and receive understanding and recogn ition of local consumers to give out in foreign markets (Peng, 2009, p. 19).In particular, McDonald’s in China has promoted special Chicken Nuggets and Chinese rice catering to local dietetical habits of consumers. It seems that the taste of the food in McDonald’s is nearly the same around the world, no matter in America, Spain or China. The loss is the various cultures in different countries. McDonalds will introduce new products in some certain areas according to different topic consumer taste, preference and legal, religious and local habits of usance (Watson, 2000, p. 125-132). What is more, this phenomenon enriches the connotation of the culture, and increases the diversity of peoples consumer choice.Integration of cultures might be the most beneficial to the improvement of countries. The conclave of two different societies is likely to create a new culture, which may toady the advantages of traditional culture and foreign cultures, so it will bring the i nnovation and development of societies. The last two possibilities that exist in the process of globalization are called separation and marginalization. Separation means that the non-dominant groups forbear their original conditions and refuse to converge with other dominant cultures.Marginalization refers to a process of being outside(a) the dominant society and meanwhile losing their give cultures (Berry, 2008, p. 332). There is an example that comes from a assess about immigrant younker, which was conducted by Berry, Phinney, Sam and Veder in 2006. There is 7997 adolescents (5366 immigrant youth and 2631 issue youth respectively) in this survey, the statistics indicated that 975 adolescents showed a strong wiz of consciousness to support their own ethnic group by using their own ethnic language fluently, keeping in touch with ethnic peers, and holding a high ethnic identity.These behaviours reflect that the adolescents are not likely to involve into the study society, as they hold an attitude go to pieces to the dominant culture (Berry, 2008, p. 334). On the contrary, the other 973 youth who were in the status of marginalization showed low ethnic identity, low smoothness in ethnic language, and fewer contacts with the national peers. However, they endorsed the acculturation attitudes of assimilation, marginalization and separation, which were contradictory.Although these youth extend to join into the dominant society, they lack some necessary abilities to communicate with dominative people (Berry, 2008, p. 335). It might be said that they are lost in the two or more different societies, a certain trouble could be effective so that they can feel a sense of presence. In conclusion, according to Berry (2008), globalization may have four possible consequences: assimilation, integration, separation and marginalization. These four outcomes are likely to influence the process of societies between different countries.Social change and development may n ot lead to the destruction of ethnic or local culture completely. Even when the different cultures integrate, new culture also can retain features of traditional or ethnic culture to a certain degree. But, these changes do not imply the assimilation of cultures influenced by globalization to a great extent. Conversely, as time goes on, cultural differences between various ethnic groups will be gradually reduced, unless will not disappear. Therefore, globalization may bring homogenization to cultures to a belittled extent, but the non-dominative cultures still might be preserved.\r\n'

'Jane Eyre Essay\r'

'In the novel Jane Ere, Charlotte bronze describes and expresses the biography of the protagonist, Jane, finished the formers own eyes. As Jane begins to explain her invoice to the reader, It Is video introductionn fairly quickly that she leads, perhaps non a terrible, but an ill-fated life. Bronze lend oneselfs this to her full advantage, swirling diametrical bearings into the tale through with(predicate) Canes sense of self or outlook on the world, her discoin truth of the truths of her relationships, and the bizarre events that put forward slur over the course of the drool.These styles are amativeistic and black letter, and Bronze incorporates aspects from OTOH In her novel in a representation that they smoothly advance the narration. The style Bronze uses for Jeans psycheality Is romanticist. Bronze gives Jane very romantic character traits. Jane may at first be considered a very common or ordinary person but she is in truth very original, â€Å"[when Roche ster expresses his amazement that she is thus]” (). verit suitable(a) Mr.. Rochester, one of the few people shes flummox close to, is surprised to discover how unique Canes go out is. It Is her intellectual, in fact, that he comes to sexual love so much.Another shed light on moral of romanticism is how Jane freely expresses herself, â€Å"It was Bessie… UT I did not stir… I was not given over to care much for the nursemaids transitory anger, and I was sell to bask In her youthful lightness of heart. I just put my two arms most her and said, ‘Come, Bessie! Dont s wintry! ‘ the action was… Frank and fearless” (36). Even as a progeny child Jane was kinda bold, and this trait solitary(prenominal) grew more as she aged. She does not hesitate to express herself even with Mr.. Rochester, who was in a higher social class than herself.Being individual, thoughtful and expressing things freely, which Jane is and does, are solely elemen ts of a mantic writing style, clearly showing that Bronze uses this style In her novel. The style Bronze uses for some(prenominal) of the settings In Canes life Is gothic. The events and settings that egest throughout Canes life tend to have a otherworldly or dark find out to them. concisely after Jane had obliged to tie Mr.. Rochester for the first era t present was a great storm, â€Å"It [the chestnut-tree] writhed and groaned… [It] had been potty by lightning… And half of it split away/ (275-76).This is an example of gothic elements because what happens to the tree represents what Is going to happen In he near future, giving It a supernatural effect. The tree comes to represent Canes and Mr.. Rochester relationship: how they part ways, thus come back together after a time. The school that Jane goes to as a child and young woman is described as a very gloomy place; the girls at Elwood were forced to go outside for an hour in the cramped garden, where it w as so cold that they developed chilblains. later which, there was no solace because the students didnt have enough food to revive, or fire to warm (59-60).Nearly all the children were hungry and cold; It was not until the bring that It began to get warmer and head the students were starved. Besides that, an even darker event happened at Elwood †many a(prenominal) students, including her friend Helen, die of typhus. The presence of starkness, gloom, and mysterious events all point to Bronze having utilize gothic traits in her writing. Throughout the novel, Bronze combines both romantic and gothic writing styles. She does this very well, so that the reader doesnt face as if the story Is disjointed or awkward. After Jane and Mr..Rochesters wedding Is stopped, Mr.. Rochester shows Bertha, who is a schizophrenic. Knowing now that she cannot marry Edward, and she does not deprivation to require his mistress, Jane decides to leave two-fold for good (316-320). The romantic tra it of this situation was that Jane headstrong to leave, even though she really did not want to, because she had to do what was best for her. The gothic aspect was Mr.. Rochesters wife; a mad-woman who was living in his attic and had tried and true to kill him multiple times. After about a year, Jane is once more drawn to Mr.. Rochester; Jane hears Mr..Rochesters voice shoot the breeze out to her right before she is about to agree to marrying SST. rump and decides that night that she will leave SST. John and the others to pursue what she wants, and that is to find out what became of Edward (456-459). The gothic, clearly, is how Jane can hear Mr.. Rochester call out to her even though they are miles and miles apart. The romantic is that, once again, Jane decides on what she is going to do based on what best for her, as an individual. In both of these situations, the romantic and gothic aspects come together and add inte informality to Bronzes novel.In conclusion, Charlotte Bronze s novel, Jane Ere combines romantic and gothic pass judgment styles fluently in order to tell Canes story. The romantic elements were usually infused to Canes own character; the way she thought, her personality, and the way she lived her life. It was the settings and events that took place, however, that held the gothic elements; Elwood, the storm, Mr.. Rochesters wife Bertha, and how she came back to Mr.. Rochester himself for Just a few examples. The way Bronze accomplished this crusade is what drew in many people to reading, thence consequently liking, her works and these affects continues to this day.\r\nJane Eyre undertake\r\nDirector Cary Faking in his adoption of Jane Ere (2011, uses a variety show of film techniques to break out key Ideas and to engage a ultramodern reference. sort out In the Victorian time In England, Jane Ere tells the story of weekender young woman who overcomes tragical life good deal before embarking on a Journey distinct for independence, a sense of be and the true heart of love.Faking uncovers the theme of closing off and solitude through divers(prenominal) plump effects and medical specialty, whereas the topic of stirred desperation is illustrated carefully through divergent television tv camera angles. Canes act throughout the story emphasizes her fearlessness and spirit. Faking portrays the dews of isolation and bareness through the film techniques of music and weighed down effects. The handler shows this by adding non- dietetical profounds to the dietetic sounds in the painting, representing this in the possible action stage setting, which depicts Jane running across a field, crying.There are many dietetic sound here such as, the mind howling, ex. thunder, Jane crying and leaves crunching under her feet, which sets the crack for the auditory sense. Subsequently a sad and lonely violin tune Is heard, fashioning the audience empathic with Jane and adding violence to the sadness of the dietet ic sounds. This also pull outs the audience peculiar(a) as to what the cause of her distress is. Later in the movie, Faking highlights the pain of isolation and loneliness through sound effects, which is heavily displayed when Canes Friend, Helen, receives a edge as penalty for ‘misbehaving.During this depiction the only sound heard is the drubbing noise; accentuation the characters pain, which subsequently causes the audience to smelling empathy for her by this foreground of her pain. Fustians use of music and sound throughout the movie is effective in making the audience line up empathy for Canes loneliness, pain, and Isolation. Faking presents the theme of emotional bleakness through regardful camera angles and positions. This theme Is revealed in the snapshot at the opening of the movie when Jane arrives at the occasion.The director uses this scene to demonstrate emotional despondency by exploitation a diverse straddle of camera angles, such as using a very down in the mouth camera angle to display Canes pain and sadness. A Tracking camera cinch is used to support the audience obtain machine-accessible to Jane. Following this, a birds eye view dig is used to show Jane at crossroads, heightening the dews that she is wasted and insignificant against the landscape. The crossroads also symbolizes of the choices that she has to make.This idea is loose in the cremate back scene of Jane Ere at Elwood School, dews she s unattended and made to stand on the stool for the rest of the day without food and water. Faking uses a variety of camera angle slams to show the emotional despondency dodged Jane Ere at Elwood. A mid shot is used to make the audience feel interchangeable they are in the scene with Jane making them feel the same feelings as Jane. Following this, an upwards feeling shot Is used to make the audience feel her QED and Isolation. The directors use of a variety of camera angles shows the emotional despair Jane goes thr ough during the movie.Director Faking Illustrates Canes bravery and space-reflection symmetry through the delineation of Jane in the movie. This is shown in the scene in The scene shows Canes courage and spirit through her ability to puzzle strong even when she is upset. The actress demonstrates this through her characterization. The actresss body style such as sit up smashing and holding back bust show Canes strength. The audience is impressed by Canes courage and spirit in this upsetting situation, as she is able to not become too emotional. Fustians characterization of Jeannine shows her courage and spirit, highlighting to the audience how important courage is.Faking efficaciously uses the film techniques of sound effects, camera angles and characterization to brood the ideas of loneliness, emotional desolation and courage. Ball searching for independence, a sense of be and the true meaning of love is resolved when she reconnects with Rochester and finds her place in the world. A modern audience continues to be engaged by the story of Jane Ere due to the cliff-hanging nature of the gothic romantic plot and its distinctive characters who challenge and evoke a range of emotions.\r\nJane Eyre Essay\r\nDirector Cary Faking in his adoption of Jane Ere (2011, uses a variety of film techniques to reveal key Ideas and to engage a modern audience. Set In the Victorian Era In England, Jane Ere tells the story of weekender young woman who overcomes tragic life circumstances before embarking on a Journey searching for independence, a sense of belonging and the true meaning of love.Faking uncovers the theme of isolation and loneliness through different sound effects and music, whereas the idea of emotional despair is illustrated carefully through different camera angles. Canes characterization throughout the story emphasizes her courage and spirit. Faking portrays the dews of isolation and loneliness through the film techniques of music and sound effects. The director shows this by adding non-dietetic sounds to the dietetic sounds in the movie, representing this in the opening scene, which depicts Jane running across a field, crying.There are many dietetic sound here such as, the mind howling, ex. thunder, Jane crying and leaves crunching under her feet, which sets the scene for the audience. Subsequently a sad and lonely violin tune Is heard, making the audience empathic with Jane and adding emphasis to the sadness of the dietetic sounds. This also makes the audience curious as to what the cause of her distress is. Later in the movie, Faking highlights the pain of isolation and loneliness through sound effects, which is heavily displayed when Canes Friend, Helen, receives a edge as punishment for ‘misbehaving.During this scene the only sound heard is the whipping noise; emphasizing the characters pain, which subsequently causes the audience to feel empathy for her by this highlighting of her pain. Fustians use of music and sou nd throughout the movie is effective in making the audience feel empathy for Canes loneliness, pain, and Isolation. Faking presents the theme of emotional desolation through deferent camera angles and positions. This theme Is revealed in the scene at the opening of the movie when Jane arrives at the crossroads.The director uses this scene to demonstrate emotional despair by using a diverse range of camera angles, such as using a very low camera angle to display Canes pain and sadness. A Tracking camera shot is used to make the audience feel connected to Jane. Following this, a birds eye view shot is used to show Jane at crossroads, heightening the dews that she is small and insignificant against the landscape. The crossroads also symbolizes of the choices that she has to make.This idea is exposed in the flash back scene of Jane Ere at Elwood School, dews she s ignored and made to stand on the stool for the rest of the day without food and water. Faking uses a variety of camera angle shots to show the emotional despair dodged Jane Ere at Elwood. A mid shot is used to make the audience feel like they are in the scene with Jane making them feel the same feelings as Jane. Following this, an upwards looking shot Is used to make the audience feel her QED and Isolation. The directors use of a variety of camera angles shows the emotional despair Jane goes through during the movie.Director Faking Illustrates Canes courage and parity through the characterization of Jane in the movie. This is shown in the scene in The scene shows Canes courage and spirit through her ability to stay strong even when she is upset. The actress demonstrates this through her characterization. The actresss body language such as sitting up straight and holding back tears show Canes strength. The audience is impressed by Canes courage and spirit in this upsetting situation, as she is able to not become too emotional. Fustians characterization of Jeannine shows her courage and spirit, highlightin g to the audience how important courage is.Faking effectively uses the film techniques of sound effects, camera angles and characterization to covey the ideas of loneliness, emotional desolation and courage. Ball searching for independence, a sense of belonging and the true meaning of love is resolved when she reconnects with Rochester and finds her place in the world. A modern audience continues to be engaged by the story of Jane Ere due to the suspenseful nature of the gothic romantic plot and its distinctive characters who challenge and evoke a range of emotions.\r\n'

'Entertainment V. Addiction Essay\r'

'There is a definitive and quite an distinct difference between wholesome, quality pleasure and addiction. In the refreshful Fahrenheit 451, radiation Bradbury truly clearly states the variation among the two. Through his examples and characters in his business relationship about a very realistic society, he expresses his opinions and almost foresees something quite relevant to society today. However, in that location will always be those select a fewer(prenominal) who will recognize the worthlessness of mindless propaganda that seems to sully the minds of humankind.\r\nTelevision takes a prominent design in the script of everyday breeding. Additionally, it takes an all the same larger role in the lives of the citizens of Bradbury’s metropolis. Actually, it is more of a sense cell cemetery. For example, Mildred, the main character’s (Montag’s) wife, is perpetually bombarded with television and radio programs. In fact, three walls in the parlor of t he couple’s home move over been converted into giant television screens! For Mildred, however, this is not upright enough. She whines that having a fourth wall installed would make her happy, and that she couldn’t possibly be happy without it. Her argument is that the adroitness would only be $2,000 and that in instal to slang this money they could just â€Å"do without a few things”. This could be considered addictive, taking into account that she is willing to march on up part of the way that she lives in order to further intoxicate her mind and make her even number to the world around her. And as a result of this constant flow of trivial trash into her system, she is made to feel as though she is view for her egotism, acting for herself, and having a wonderful time.\r\nDuring the time that Ray Bradbury had written this book, television was a brand sore invention. It was not too terribly popular yet, only if he thought that it posed a problem. In Ray ’s mind, plenty would be consumed by irrelevant and insignifi terminatet programs, which may become habit-forming as time progressed. He wrote of enormous televisions, which we goat relate to modern-day flat screens. Bradbury foretold of people go reliant on technology, and not existence commensurate to ponder animation and all of its questions… to just flow and smell the roses! This is all very relat open to modern society, and it is light-colored to see where it fits into everyday life. Clarisse, a seventeen class old girl in Fahrenheit 451, is capable to show Montag that life does not have to be lived in such a way as to think that being unaw are of the world is a good thing. She is able to show him that there are ways to enjoy one’s self without needing anything but an open mind.\r\nClarisse is one of those genuine people who are able to think for themselves, who asks the â€Å"why” quite of the â€Å"how” of things. Furthermore, the intellectuals that Montag meets also have that same zest for life. They are able to understand the importance and necessity of the thoughts of others in the erstwhile(prenominal). These intellectuals realize that a better understanding and cognition of life can come from theminds of others. Faber, an exceptionally comical character, is also one of those remarkable people. He is able to realize that true entertainment comes from enjoying life and exploring its mysteries. He is able to find joy in rationalism and learning in a way that is exclusively separate from the superficial way of his society. Montag also easily comes to this great discovery throughout the book. It starts with him just being curious. But isn’t that all it takes to do something great, a spark of curiosity?\r\nIn conclusion, Mr. Bradbury’s bureau is clear as crystal in his novel Fahrenheit 451. Entertainment consists of inspiring and enlightening ideas and activities, fleck addiction can come easily and swiftly from those things that will deaden the mind and will tot nothing of value into the thoughts of mankind. And even though they can be rare, those who are able to look past those things and find the worthwhile substance in life will gain more out of life by being able to look at the world in new ways.\r\n'

'Buddism: Political, Social and Economic Essay\r'

' antediluvian China was a time of for religious influences. touch systems dominated China from 500 B. C. E to cat valium B. C. E. The stupor these tenets left(p) on the country were. A particular belief system, Buddhism force China profusely. This belief system impacted china in a number of various factors. The belief in Buddhism impacted China china’s culture by means of many political, genial and economic stances. After defeating snow,500 workforce in violent warfare, Asoka felt great remorse. notwithstanding the victory he was consumed with grief.\r\nAsoka found comfort in the precept of Siddhartha Gautama and converted to Buddhism. After his conversion, he began to influence his kingdom under the teachings of Buddha. The laws and principles of non-violence, virtue and love where stringently enforced in the kingdom. Buddhism strongly reigned over Asoka’s political empire. With the belief system he was qualified to bring the kingdom from a state of warf are to peace the India has not seen since his reign. Be spend a penny of his conversion to Buddhism, Asoka remains one of the greatest leaders of antiquity.\r\nOne of the greatest impact religion can have is it’s social appeal. While India was being controlled by the Caste system, so were religions. Your social form also determined your religion. Buddhism was extremely popular with the lower cast. The practices and rituals were affordable for those who could not afford. Because of Buddhism, Monks had homes in the monosaries. Buddhism greatly accommodated the people of low social military position but that didn’t mean those of higher class could not practice it too.\r\nSoon after Buddhism had wrick so wide spread that Mahayana Buddhism became the Buddhism â€Å"for the masses” consort to Buddha, the root of all evil is suffering. This is not the sightly economic principle. Siddhartha Gautama made this theory however when he abandoned his lavish life to fin d enlightenment. He witnessed much suffering and made a really impactful theory. After this great revelation, Buddha strived to base his economics of selflessness. His teaching thought that material wealth was not important.\r\nHe insisted that obsessing over one’s self was the cause of suffering and the only way to be finish is through giving up your love and accompaniment for material possessions. After sometime the popularity of Buddhism died out. However, the impact it left on China from 500 B. C. E to railyard B. C. E did not. The spread of Buddhism shaped China as a whole for many centuries to come. From 500 B. C. to 100 B. C. E, Buddhism impacted society’s structure in many aspects of history.\r\n'

'George Orwell Webquest\r'

'His experience in Sp Alan was the defining moment of Rowels governmental awakening. He left Spain with a life Eng hate of totalisticism, and this stance formed the basis of all of his hobby work s. 3. The book Animal Farm reflects on events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 191 7 and then onto the Stalin era in the Soviet Union. It was sarcastic of Joseph Stalin and based off of Rowels belief that the Soviet yoke had become a brutal dice tutorship. The novel is an allegory. 4. 1984 was published on June 8th, 1949. The novel was based on a British Labor Party.Or good warned against the Russian soil. Orwell died in a London hoses tall on January 21 SST, 1950. Topic II Totalitarianism Totalitarianism is the political concept that the citizen should be totally subject t to an absolute state authority. 2. Bonito Mussolini coined the term totalitarian to describe the new fascist state of Italy. 3. troika examples of totalitarian are Italy in the 1 oral fissure and Germany a nd Japan I n the asses. 4. Stalin transformed the Russian economy as part of his five yr plan by rapid growth Of dumb industry and increased farm production by acclimatization of agric ultra.Russians totalitarian state controlled people and the media with Stalins utilise propaganda, censorship, and terror to force his will on the Soviet people, the government newspapers glorified work and Stalin himself, and secret law of nature s pied on citizens, and anyone who refused to praise Stalin and the state faced severe punishment, even death 5. Mussolinis totalitarian party was called fascist party 6. Three ways Mussolini and his party controlled the media were appointing Fast cists to top offices, censoring the press, and organizing a secret police, and banning a y chiding of the government. 7. Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. ” was Mussolinis well known slogan. 8. The purges occurred in 1 930 and were aimed at quenching Of tho se who o opposed industrialization and the kulaks (Wolff farmers and entrepreneurs, who opposed acclimatization). 9. 36% of the communist party membership was purged. 10. The purge of the ruddy Army Officer Corps was a great situation play which resulted in S Italian consolidating his power as leader of the Soviet Union. During the prewar friend d he systematically imprisoned and/ or executed thousands of his own military officers.\r\n'

'Elements of Marketing Mix Essay\r'

'Elements of Marketing Mix â€Å"A typical marketing ripple includes a harvest-home, stick outed at a scathe, with more or less promotion to tell possible clients about the product, and a way to progress to the customer’s repoint” (Perreault & McCarthy, 2004, pg. 36). A partnership will use the marketing mix in army to control variables in marketing to fulfil a cig art group. This paper will attain the tetrad elements of the marketing mix; product, place, hurt, and promotion. In addition, the four elements of the marketing mix will be discussed on the impacts in the reading of Starbuck’s marketing dodging and tactics.\r\nProduct”The product atomic number 18a is concerned with maturation the cover â€Å"product” for the luff market” (Perreault, 2004, pg. 38). This requires a company to determine what item or dish is desired by the customer in invest to fulfill take. The product needs to provide a divine service, cover the expected needs for the customer, or release the expectations establishd by other elements of the marketing mix. Service, benefits, branding, and packaging be some things that be taken into consideration with an face’s product (Perreault et al, 2004). The over each(prenominal) objective is to offer a product that will satisfy the wants and needs of nation.\r\nPlace”Place is concerned with solely the decisions mired in getting the â€Å"right” product to the target market’s place” (Perreault et al, 2004, pg. 39). Place refers to the manner of speaking of a product or service to a location that customers may obtain from. This step is needful to get the finished product from the company or origin to the consumer. Marketers need to consider the most(prenominal) competent method to distri juste an organisations product. Channel type, market exposure, locations of stores, service levels, means of transportation and distri simplying atom ic number 18 factors that are taken into considers when sellers need to develop a strategy for place (Perreault et al, 2004). The overall objective is creating a place in parade for customer’s to buy the product.\r\n harm”Price puzzleting must consider the contour of competition in the target market and the woo of the whole marketing mix” (Perreault et al, 2004, pg. 40). The price is the join that will be charged for the product. â€Å"Managers must tell apart current practices as to markups, discounts, and other terms of gross revenue event” (Perreault et al, 2004, pg. 40). The prices set by competitors will affect the price of the product. Organizations use pricing techniques in order to penetrate a competitive price of the product. Prices are set by a company in order to become profitable or to even reach the break even point. Flexibility, product life, cycles, geographic terms, discounts, and allowances are factors that must be considered before setting the price of a product (Perreault et al, 2004). In addition, pricing strategies also will vary according to region. For example, a product that sells for a price of 10 dollars in atomic number 20 may only sell for 7 dollars in the state of Georgia. The overall objective is the set the right price for the product.\r\n onward motion” procession is concerned with singing the target market or others in the course of distribution about the â€Å"right” product” (Perreault et al, 2004, pg. 40). Promotion is how the marketer will communicate, inform and persuade customers to grease ones palms a product or service. There are legion(predicate) ways in which to market the product. The marketer must take in account triune ways of promotion; personal selling, mass selling, and sales promotion. All cigarette be mixed to create the right blend that will target the marketplace. individualised selling contains direct communication between a company and their customer, usually face-to-face. However, direct communication can also be through phone interviews or sales calls, conferences through video and the internet (Perreault et al, 2004). Promotion can also be used to target a large group of consumers at the kindred time such as radio or television advertising. This is known as mass selling. Finally, sales promotion refers to promotion activities that do non involve advertising and personal selling. Contest, coupons, and special offers are some examples of sales promotions (Perreault et al, 2004).\r\nStarbucks’ Marketing MixStarbucks Coffee mission description is to â€Å"establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest deep brown in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles while we engender” (Starbucks, n.d.). Starbuck’s has utilized the four marketing elements to athletic supporter create an excellent impact in the development of their marketing tactics and strategies. Starbucks orig inated in Seattle, Washington, over 30 years ago, and owns more than 12,000 stores worldwide. Starbucks achieved this by creating a in(predicate) marketing strategy. Starbucks was recognized 7 times as one of the â€Å"100 Best Corporate Citizens” by Business Ethics Magazine (Shareholder, 2007). Starbucks customers include people of diverse ethnicity, income, and age groups with varying tastes and interest. With this diverse clientele, Starbucks has make marketing a challenge to target all these diverse groups of people.\r\nProduct”Starbucks is dedicated to purchasing the highest prime(a) deep brown and paying premium prices to reflect current commitment to coffee-farming communities” (Shareholder, 2007). The reason Starbucks offer so many different varieties of products is to satisfy the diverse clientele. This company has always been able to influence their clientele by offer products that appeal to all cultures. Starbucks has been able to meet a specific market demand. â€Å"Starbucks gives a wide function of food and swallow options, from indulgent treats to lower-fat and reduced-calorie choices for all consumers’ tastes” (Shareholder, 2007). Starbucks continues to insert and extend the Starbucks Experience with imaginative new ready-to-drink beverages and smashing coffee offerings.\r\nPlaceStarbucks’ stores are strategically placed in locations that are visible and go for a great plentifulness of traffic. Starbucks is successful at placing their products strategically in order to impact sales volume. According to the Starbuck’s 2006 yearly report, â€Å"we opened 2,199 new stores globally (ahead of 1,800), at an clean pace of six new stores per day, bringing our sum to 12,440 stores in 37 countries” (Shareholder, 2007). They have locations on expeditious street corners, in malls, theaters, office buildings, grocery stores and airports which have allowed them to be clearly visible. Almost anywhere a person turns there is a Starbucks around the corner.\r\nPriceStarbucks does not consider their price to strategy to be of significance compared to the other elements in the industry. â€Å"The company’s 12-ounce marvellous latte ranges from $2.25 in Minnesota to $3 in New York City” (Wong, 2004). Like any company, prices are ground on the level of economy in each area. Starbucks prices largely are also based on manufacturing. Starbucks’ prices reflect cost of coffee beans, sugar, geographic areas, and the overall experience. Distribution also plays a procedure in how the product is priced at each company.\r\nPromotionStarbucks employs a mix between personal selling and sales promotion. â€Å"Personal selling lets the salesperson adapt the truehearted’s marketing mix to each authorisation customer” (Perreault et al, 2004). Starbucks does not just have salespeople, but baristas. Starbucks’ baristas inform and sell the product face-to-face to the customers. Starbucks’s promotions do not include traditional advertising, but global sales promotions. Sales promotions spark purchases by customers through different channels.\r\nIn August of 2006, Starbucks back up Jumpstart’s Read for the Record campaign. They sell 53,000 copies of The Little Engine That Could and hosted 330 reading events setting an positive Guinness world record. Furthermore, incentive sales promotions included donating 5 cents for every bottle sold for the Ethos pissing Fund. The Ethos Water Fund focuses on improving local pissing sources and providing sanitation and hygiene education to the communities in Ethiopia and Indonesia (Shareholder, 2007). flock want to be apart of Starbucks’ global efforts and these are examples of effective sales promotions.\r\nConclusionWhen developing a marketing, all decisions impacted the four Ps should be do at the same time. The four elements of the marketing mix are equally imp ortant. This is because the products, places, prices, and promotions of an organization surround the most important element; the customer (Perreault et al, 2004). According to Starbucks 2006 yearbook report, â€Å"There are numerous competitors in almost every market in which Starbucks operates and in which it expects to expand in both the specialty coffee beverage business and the specialty whole bean coffee business” (Shareholder, 2007). Starbucks has proven to mollify on discharge of their market. However, Starbucks and any organization need to continuously attempt their marketing mix in order to stay competitive and profitable. By successfully completing the quite a little of the four Ps, Starbucks has established a multi-million dollar organization that is a Fortune 100 Company.\r\nReferences\r\nPerreault, W. D. & McCarthy, E. J. (2004). primary Marketing: A Global-Managerial Approach. The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2007, from https://mycampus.p hoenix.edu/secure/resource/resource.aspStarbucks, (n.d.). Retrieved Nov. 11, 2007, from http://www.starbucks.com/aboutus/environment.aspShareholder, (2007). In Starbucks Coffee 2006 Annual Report. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2007, from http://www.shareholder.com/visitors/dynamicdoc/document.cfm?CompanyID=SBUX&DocumentID=1382& wooden leg=&Page=13&zoom=1xWong, B. (2004, Sept. 28). In Cup of Starbucks going up fair of 11 cents Oct. 6. Retrieved Nov. 11, 2007, from http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/business/192721_coffeeprice28.html\r\n'

'Conscience – personal creative writing\r'

'He was appareled in a sluggish grey-green coat with moderate checks. It reflected his character care a murky pocket billiards and the story he was feeding me smelt the same. I didnt same his attitude. The way he leered at me with his nicotine chicken teeth and thin sharp lips. It do me ascertain re eachy uncomfortable. Like I shouldnt be there. Id forgotten, as usual that I wasnt invited. I noticed that as he repeated himself his gnarled fingers were ever white at the knuckles. His hair was greased back fightds tally his human aspect as if hed put a vat extensive of chip fat on it. It do him go to slimy and manipulating.\r\nIf hed been a well dressed to kill(p) man with a polite attitude I would not have retainn a endorse thought to his wifes suicide. The man in front of me was viewing no sign of remorse, not even the slightest berth of sadness. The emotions that float in the air catching design people unawares must either quail comp permite his highly polis hed forehead or slide tweak the nape of his neck. The flat was conciselyer large with a private elevator at the back. A desk sat in the middle of the room. It was an aged(prenominal) solid oak desk with two top draws and ink stains on the blotting paper.\r\nThe worn show up typewriter had the last write words of Mrs. Harrison stuck in it and sat there like a smug omen. People from forensics were buzzing some(a)what dusting this and bagging up that. They made the place look like an ant colony. It is very distracting to have soul spying for the minutest thing out of the corner of your nerve. I went to have a look round myself. whole the furniture, as far as I could analyze was dating back to the late 1930s yet it was all in impeccable condition. Scattered on the shelves were objects and ornaments the pair off had gathered from their short married life.\r\nChina dogs, unrefined things, cluttered up the iron fire surround. On the mantelpiece slept two speakers, dusty with ne glect. Something caught my eye. Two plaque bookends. Neither of them softenicularly aesthetic yet that wasnt what draw me to them. One was brown with dirt and grime, however the early(a) was clean as the mean solar day it as bought. I called over Pete, a friend of mine in the forensics team. We were at college together until I went ‘over to the downcast side as he would say. Pete is the type of guy you could instead easily fall in love with, if you give yourself. His hair is tight and curly.\r\nThe colour of midnight. Granted, his nose may be slightly out of proportion simply the ocean blue colour of his look! Deep, full with care yet not deep seemly to hide his soul. He told me he would take the bookends off for dusting and get back to me. I couldnt help barely stare as he swaggered away(predicate) in his own original style. The swagger that leaves all daughters abandon… Waking my self up I walked back to the beetle red settee where Mr Harrison was loung ing. I was posing on the arm of the chair, trying to spot an nimble comment from the ones reflected in his mirror forehead.\r\nI persuaded him to certify me a bit about his wife appearance. check to him she was of medium height, hourglass figure and full it the face. He got out a photo of her. She was in truth pretty. Her hair was light-haired and fly away with dark brown eyes and full lips. The complete opposite of her husband. That then began to produce my suspicions of her playing away. I didnt address this issue unbent away; I felt it wasnt wise just now I did ask what the professional relationship was in the midst of he and his wife. At this comment his attitude got blacker at a time more. He spoke bitterly of how she was clever and outgoing.\r\nShe had been working(a) as his accountant when they met and ‘slowly weaved her way up to the executive managers position. It was the way he said it that made your blood chill like an ice multiply had just been shoved d own your back on a freezing winter day. There was certainly some jealousy going on. I could not voice why a pretty intelligent girl could want to end her life so utterly and tragically. Couldnt she have just settled for divorce? Was he threatening her? One thing was for sure; this was no ordinary suicide. I had to find out what really happened earlier that night.\r\nI bid good day to Mr Harrison and went to the front elevator. As I waited I tried and true to heave the sense out of this scene like the heavy contraption heaving itself up to the eighteenth floor. With the bing of the lift the cold air hit my face once more. The streets of LA are awesome. Especially at night. The rain pattered down as it had been threatening to do all day making the pavement broadcast like liquid silver. The starlight filled the roadside trees with a magical light like a g-force faeries having a party. A newspaper tickled my feet then went on its way to the next obstacle.\r\nOut of the corner of my eye I saw a crumpled heap, slumped in the doorway of a closed down chemists. It was part illuminated by the street light. The other part shadowy and ghost like yet outstandingly there. It churns my heart to see these things. From somewhere in amongst the steamed it became clear that this fellow might know something. I strolled over as casually as I could muster in the below zero temperature and crouched down beside him. His face was like a canvas of war; his eyes hollow and lifeless. This guy didnt have a single dream or hope left-hand(a) to hang on to in the great pendulum of life.\r\nHed let go just waiting for it to hit him on its inevitable return swing. He showed an utter push back towards me once Id told him I was a detective. It made my pedigree really hard. I had started off with a gloomy motherly tone but I soon lost it to the wind. What is the point in trying to give these people respect if they judge you on face value and smell of dustbins and public toilets. He e nsure me that he was awake at the time I quoted and heard no scream. I hurried away as quickly as I could leave him to mutter under his breath.\r\n'

'Bajaj Case Study\r'

' m maventary watchfulness at Bajaj gondola Bajaj gondola Limited is single of Indias largest two- bicycler constructrs. As the dominating player until the archean 1990s, Bajajs merchandise place share declined from 49. 3% in 1994, to 38. 9% in 1999 with the entry of major(ip)(ip) competitors like admirer Honda. Bajaj has initiated several measures to convalesce its market share and strengthen its competitive position. The case discusses the fiscal dodge pursued by Bajaj. financial counselling at Bajaj elevator car We want to get merelyt the attractionship position in the two-wheeler surgical incision and willing use the cash if required to do so.However, in current volatile market conditions (not to forget the Nipponese and their huge cash militia), we would sooner have the shelter of cash any day. We are competing not besides with Indian companies, but also with large extraneous two-wheeler companies, many of whom have much deeper pockets than ours. While our excess cash will assist us in future ontogeny, it also acts as a incumbrance to others from indulging in predatory pricing simu previous(a)d military operation †Sanjiv Bajaj, Vice-President Finance, Bajaj auto Limited. 1 IntroductionIn 2003, Bajaj cable car Limited (Bajaj) was one of India’s largest manufacturers of both two and triad-wheelers. The three-wheelers, also know as autorickshaws, were unique to the South Asian region. The high society recorded revenue of Rs. 5cxxv. 73 crores representing a 13% accession everyplace the previous year 2. one time the unchallenged market attracter, Bajaj trailed wizard Honda in the previous(a) 1990s. Bajaj’s market share declined from 49. 3% in 1994, to 38. 9% in 1999. 3 There later(a)r, Bajaj had initiated several measures to re gain ground its market share and strengthened its competitive position.In 2003, Bajaj had a campaignforce of 12,000 employees and a network of 422 dealers and over 1,300 authoriz ed service c tucks. 4 The Indian Two-Wheeler Industry Two-wheelers had expire the standard mode of transportation in many of India’s large urban centers. Use of two-wheelers in the rural areas had also change magnitude significantly in the 1990s. The birth of the Indian two-wheeler industry could be traced to the primal 1950s, when gondolamobile Products of India (API) started manufacturing sea scooters in the country.While API initially dominated the scooter market with its Lambrettas, it was Bajaj which rapidly emerged as the unchallenged leader in the scooter industry. A number of presidency and private enterp matures who entered the scooter section, had disappeared from the market by the charm of the century. The License Raj that existed prior to economic liberalization (1940s-1980s) in India, did not allow unknown players to enter the market, making it an ideal breeding ground for local players. still the Raj also hurt the growth of the industry by imposing var ious restrictions.In the mid-80s, the presidential term started permitting foreign companies to enter the Indian market, through minority spliff ventures. During this graspment, the twowheeler market witnessed a boom with Japanese players like Honda, Suzuki, Yamaha and Kawasaki, submission the market through joystick ventures. 1 2 3 4 M. Anand, ? Is Munjal Being to a fault overgenerous?? strainworld, 19th whitethorn 2003. B1 base: courage Database. Gita Piramal, Sumantra Goshal and Sudeep Budhiraja, ? interlingual rendition of Bajaj railroad car Ltd,? Lessons in Excellence Case Contest, www. thesmartmanager. om, February- manifest, 2003. microbe: Bajaj Auto Limited Annual promulgate 2003. 109 fiscal Insights cipher (i) Indian cycle grocery store line: Honda Annual account 2003. Foreign players quickly changed the rules of the game. From a supplier’s market, it became a buyer’s market. Companies tried to outdo each other in terms of style, hurt and fuel efficiency. The technological expertise that the foreign collaborators brought to the market place helped increase the boilersuit quality of the products instead significantly. In the former(a) 2000s, the controversy intensified further.In 2000, Honda announced its headings to set up a 100% subsidiary to manufacture scooters and pedals. demo I relative Valuation of the Leading Companies opening: Motilal Oswal, faithfulness Research, February 2003. The Indian two-wheeler industry witnessed remarkable growth grade since 2000, due to a host of factors like pass along in interest rates, availability of finance and cheap prices relative to the growing purchasing power. Despite the astounding growth rate of the last few years, two-wheeler perceptivity still remained low in the country.Analysts believed, increasing urbanization, expanding cities, need of other modes of transportation and favourable demographics would support double-digit growth in the coming decade. The Indian two-wheeler industry could be broadly classified into three major segments†scooters, motorbikes and mopeds5. Until the early 1990s, locally manufactured scooters with gears dominated the markets. unless in recent times, assume 5 Mopeds were small bikes, with slight engine power which were priced low and were aimed at the low-income market. cx Financial anxiety at Bajaj Auto or scooters had tapered moody, while that for motorcycles looked buoyant. The motorcycle market in India had about tripled in coat over the preceding(a) 10 years 6. In 2002, the two-wheeler industry demand thoroughed 5 billion units, making India the split hour largest market in the world after(prenominal) china 7. Exhibit II Two Wheelers Industry: ever-changing Dynamics Year 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 positive Two wheelers (unit interchange) 1,503,172 1,763,210 2,208,231 2,660,005 2,965,474 3,042,347 3,403,471 3,776,719 3,745,516 4,318,531 5,053,562 pit ch scooters 41. 8% 43. 3% 42. 6% 40. 6% 38. 4% 35. 4% 32. % 25. 9% 16. 0% 12. 3% 6. 7% Un geared scooters 9. 4% 7. 9% 8. 6% 9. 1% 8. 9% 8. 8% 8. 3% 10. 0% 10. 9% 9. 5% 10. 5% drivecycles 20. 2% 21. 6% 23. 9% 24. 8% 27. 1% 30. 0% 34. 6% 42. 7% 54. 1% 66. 2% 74. 4% Mopeds 20. 0% 17. 6% 15. 1% 16. 8% 16. 5% 15. 5% 14. 6% 14. 1% 12. 9% 8. 7% 6. 2% Stepthrus 8. 6% 9. 6% 9. 8% 8. 7% 9. 1% 10. 3% 9. 8% 7. 3% 6. 1% 3. 3% 2. 2% Source: Bajaj Auto Annual Report 2002-03. orbit tint The Bajaj group was founded by Jamnalal Bajaj in the 1930s. His first son Kamalnayan established Bajaj Auto, the flagship of the Bajaj group, in 1945, as a private limited company.From 1948 to 1959, Bajaj imported scooters and three wheelers from Italy and sold them in India. In 1959, the company obtained a emancipation to manufacture scooters and motorized three wheeler vehicles. In 1960, it entered into a technical collaboration with Piaggio of Italy and got the right to manufacture and market Piaggio’ s Vespa brand scooters and three wheelers in India. The same year, it went public. Bajaj’s first full-fledged manufacturing facility at Akurdi (Bombay-Pune Road) was inaugurated in 1960. Scooter proceeds commenced in 1961, followed by three wheeler output signal in 1962.Bajaj’s scooters and three wheelers started selling on a lower floor the Bajaj brand name only in 1971, when the arrangement with Piaggio expired. Till the 1980s, Bajaj scooters were so popular that the basic strategy was long production runs along with a perpetual focus on be. In 1984, Bajaj established its second plant (1000-acre plant) at Waluj, Aurangabad. Scooter production at this plant started in 1986, followed by three wheeler production in 1987 and scooterettes and motorcycle production in 1990 & 1991, respectively. 6 7 Source: Honda Annual Report 2003.China was number one with an annual production and gross revenue of over 10 million. 111 Financial Insights As Bajaj’s product s were in great demand, the company did not feeling the need to introduce new products or encourage its old ideals. The Chetak, which accounted for 60% of Bajaj’s scooter gross gross revenue, did not even have an electronic ignition. The model’s 2stroke engine also had an emission problem that was quite serious by international standards. As argument became intense and the market was flooded with increasing add up of models, Bajaj’s market share declined.During this period, Bajaj also followed a highly centralized, paternalistic management style. In the early 1990s, as the motorcycle market began to expand and became an good-natured proposition, Bajaj lost ground. Though Bajaj had a posture in the motorcycle segment with its KB100 and 4S lead, it did not take the segment seriously enough. Bajaj believed, motorcycles were a temporary aberration and multitude would return to scooters. But the scooter market unplowed shrinking and Bajaj was relegated to fourth place in the motorcycle market. Exhibit III comparative Analysis: drivecycle Sales (Number)Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Bajaj Auto 32,028 34,672 42,080 75,067 89,675 129,263 137,717 200,132 255,129 421,966 670,117 % plow 10 14 14 17 16 18 17 19 17 22 23 submarine sandwich Honda 134,801 127,803 one hundred fifty,456 183,131 230,194 168,936 407,563 530,607 761,700 1,029,391 1,425,302 % dower 44 51 50 42 40 38 50 50 50 53 50 TVS rides 33,744 30,085 42,080 53,120 125,286 164,083 211,667 268,099 326,357 354,497 450,113 % piece of ground 11 12 18 20 22 23 26 25 21 18 16 others 108,601 59,066 56,894 89,643 132,922 146,625 60,674 64,529 177,704 123,472 312,547 entirety 309,174 251,626 302,550 435,053 578,077 708,907 817,621 1,063,367 1,520,890 1,929,326 2,858,079Source: Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers. In the late 1990s, Bajaj with the support of Kawasaki, started producing motorcycles. The result was an aggressively priced pugilis t 100cc motorcycle in 1997, about Rs. 8000 cheaper than gun for hire Honda. As Bajaj’s volumes increased, it started pushing prices raze by survey engineering, mend and better capacity utilization that cut its costs by Rs. 4000 per vehicle. Exhibit IV Bajaj: study Models kinsfolk Motorcycle Wind BYK Pulsar Eliminator 112 Products Year of Introduction 2003 2003 2002 2001 Financial focussing at Bajaj Auto Category bore-hole Products bagger CT Boxer AT 4S Champion KB 100 LegendYear of Introduction 1998 1997 1997 1991 1987 1998 1976 1972 2000 1998 1990 1986 1987 Geared Scooters crack Chetak Saffire Ungeared Scooters Spirit Sunny M80 Major M80 Major 4S Step-Thrus Source: www. bajajauto. com In early 1998, Bajaj established a new plant (Rs. 3. 15 billion investiture in 200-acre plot) at Chakan practiced Pune for its future propagation vehicles. The new plant modifiedized in pliant bodied and tubular structure scooters. Bajaj’s comparatively high level of scree ningward integration helped it to foreclose raw fabric costs well downstairs the industry average. For example, the company bought raw materials in mint for itself as well as for its suppliers.For just about of the two-wheeler companies, material costs accounted for about 70% of operate income, but for Bajaj it was only 57% in 1998, the lowest in the industry. In 1998, Bajaj was ranked India’s fifth most valuable company 8. Internationally, it was the world’s largest scooter producer and the fourth largest two-wheeler manufacturer after hacek Honda, Yamaha and Suzuki. But the delay in realizing the potential of motorcycle segment by Bajaj, allowed Hero Honda to race ahead to become the market leader in 2001. During 2000-01, Bajaj entered into non- sustenance and life insurance business along with Allianz AG of Germany, one of the largest insurance companies in the world. Two companies were set up: Bajaj Allianz General policy telephoner Ltd and Allianz Bajaj L ife insurance policy Company Limited.Bajaj and Allianz signed two separate joint venture agreements for these two businesses and respectively committed 74% and 26% of the initial share capital of Rs110 crore in case of the general insurance venture and Rs150 crore in case of the life insurance venture. Bajaj get Rs. 1. 17 billion from Allianz as goodwill. In 2001-02, Bajaj Allianz General Insurance issued the largest number of policies among all private players in the non-life segment, and became the leader in this line of business. Allianz Bajaj Life Insurance commenced trading operations in October 2001. 8 ?The BT 500,? Business Today, 7th phratry 1998. 113 Financial Insights Exhibit V Bajaj vs. Competitors: Major Models in Different Segments in 2003 Segments BYK Economy (Priced Rs. 27,000 †Rs. 37,000) Executive (Priced Rs. 38,000 †Rs. 5,000) reward (Priced Rs. 45,000 †Rs. 75,000) Style (Priced higher up Rs. 75,000) Boxer AT Boxer AR (K-Tec) Boxer CT Delux (KT ec) eagre (K-Tec) Caliber Croma Caliber one hundred fifteen Pulsar 150 Pulsar 150 (self-start) Pulsar one hundred eighty CD100 SS Dawn Splendor Passion Ambition phonograph record CBZ Disc CBZ (selfstart) Bajaj Auto Hero Honda TVS Motors No aspiration Samurai Max 100R Max DLX Victor Fiero Fiero DLX Fiero ES crux Crux R Libero Enticer Yamaha Eliminator No Competition Note: List is not exhaustive. Source: Compiled from various sources by ICFAI Knowledge Center. The shift in preference from geared to nongeared scooters keep in 2002, resulting in a 35% decline in yearly deals.The company’s market share in the ungeared scooter market declined due to lack of models. Both LML and Honda Motorcycles strengthened their foothold in 2002 after the launch of ‘Nova and ‘Dio respectively. Bajaj Autos ‘Spirit, the ungeared scooter, commanded about 25% market share in the below 100 cc category. Bajaj was one of the genuinely few companies manufacturing three-wheelers in the world. It commanded a monopoly in the home(prenominal) market with a market share of above 80%. The rest was shared by Bajaj Tempo, crackling Ltd and Scooters India. The company saw a sharp rise in three-wheeler demand. In early 2002, the market grew by 23%. Bajaj had also commenced the commercial production of goods carriers.In 2002, this segment generated 22% of the company’s simoleons. The profit per three-wheeler was betd to be 2. 5-3 times that of a motorcycle. Bajaj gained market share in the motorcycle segment through its models like ‘Pulsar and ‘Boxer AR. Boxer virtually created the four-stroke economy segment and Pulsar expand the lifestyle segment. Pulsar’s volumes surpassed the most optimistic expectations in terms of volumes. In February 2003, Bajaj launched ‘Caliber 115 and steadied its presence in the executive motorcycle segment. The new model registered gross revenue of 25,706 units in butt on 2003. 114 Financial focus at Bajaj Auto Financial ManagementBajaj gain mint of its revenue from the self-propelled business. In 2003, motorcycles dominated the automotive segment, accounting for 55 % of its revenues. In 2002-03, Bajaj achieved a overturn of Rs. 5071 crore and earning before interest, taxation, derogation and amortization (EBITDA) of Rs. 817 crore. EBITDA as a percentage of net sales and other operational income increased from 16. 8 % in 2001-02 to 19 % in 2002-03. Return on direct capital, which had dipped to a low of 14% in 2000-01, increased to 60% in 2002-03. Bajaj continued its efforts to drive give-line growth, improve practicable efficiency, cut costs and improve economies of scale. running(a) corking Bajaj continued to minimize its overall working capital. Debtors declined from Rs. 198 crores on thirty-first March 2002, to Rs. 167 crore on 31st March 2003 †a reduction of 16%. Bajaj succeeded in reducing line levels by using the direct on-line pitch of materials from vendo rs. Inventory of raw materials and components declined from seven old age as on 31st March 2002, to six days as on 31st March 2003, and senseless parts for replacement market from 42 days to 31 days. The inventory of finished goods however increased from six days to nine days because of the trifling market. 9 Exhibit VI Bajaj: Operating Working Capital (Rs Million)Source: Bajaj Auto Annual Report 2002-03. damage Structure raw(a) materials, publicise and marketing, and indirect taxes (excise, etc. were the major cost heads for Bajaj. During 2002-03, through its continuous efforts in value engineering and improving relations with the vendors, Bajaj was able to deoxidise its 9 Bajaj Auto Annual Report 2002-03. 115 Financial Insights material costs. The share of materials to net sales and other operating income reduced from 63. 3 % in 2001-02 to 62 % in 2002-03, while the share of stores and tools was contained at 1. 5 % of net sales and other operating income. 10 Labor costs f or 2002-03 included a sum of Rs. 461 million (Rs. 3 million in 2001-02) towards compensation paid to employees under the voluntary loneliness scheme. A total of 1,106 employees opted for the scheme, which had a payback period of two years. Bajaj’s labor costs make up 4. 66% of its total revenue in 2002-03. 11 Despite a 16. 5% increase in net sales and other operating income †from Rs. 36. 96 billion in 2001-02 to Rs. 43. 06 billion in 2002-03, factory and administration costs had come down from 5. 3% of net sales and operating income to 4. 3%. This was the result of a thorough review of persistent costs with each plant head. Sales and after sales expenses were around 6. 7 % of net sales and other operating income. In 2003, Bajaj’s advertising and marketing expenditures were Rs 233. 9 crore (8. 61% of its total revenue), whereas Hero Honda’s expenditures were Rs. 147. 01 crore (4. 16% of total revenue) and TVS’ were Rs. 212. 49 crore (11. 06% of tot al revenue). Bajaj’s total indirect tax expenses were Rs. 601. 22 crore in comparison to Hero Honda’s Rs. 9. 75 crore and TVS’ Rs. 435. 77 crore in 2003. 12 Investments Bajaj invested its overabundance currency in secured and frigid investment securities like G-Secs, T-Bills, etc. The return earned by Bajaj on its exchequer portfolio was comparable with the return earned by the top mutual descents. During 2002-03, Bajaj reduced its honor investments and concentrated more than on the G-Sec and bond market.Thus, the market value of the portfolio changed from a diminution in value to cost in 2002, to an appreciation in value to cost of Rs. 343 million in March 2003. During 2002-03, Bajaj provided Rs. 26. 7 million towards mischief in the carrying costs of its investment portfolio. In addition, move its efforts to liquidate non-performing assets, Bajaj booked a total evil of Rs. 853 million. This loss was set off against gains on sale of assets of Rs. 1, 06 7 million that resulted in a net gain of Rs. 214 million. 13 Figure (ii) Bajaj: Liability Structure, 2003 Source: art Database. 10 11 12 13 Bajaj Auto Annual Report, 2002-03. Source: artwork Database.Source: artistic creation Database. Bajaj Auto Annual Report, 2002-03. 116 Financial Management at Bajaj Auto Exhibit VII Bajaj: Investment of Surplus funds (Rs. million) Source: Bajaj Auto Annual Report, 2002-03. Exhibit: octette Income from Investments (Rs Million) 2002-2003 Dividends rice beer on debentures and bonds Interest on government securities Interest on inter-corporate deposits and other loans Income from mutual fund units Lease rent and equalization Profit on sale of investments Interest on fixed deposits former(a)s jibe Interest on tax refunds thoroughgoing non-operating income Non-operating expenses web non-operating income Source: Bajaj Auto Annual Report, 2002-03. 17 127 408 405 239 44 214 2 11 1,450 1,450 274 1,176 2001-2002 592 291 18 364 79 234 6 1,584 18 1, 602 436 1,166 Financial Insights Return on Capital In early 2003, Bajaj maintained a part with cash reserve of Rs 2,700 crore. The management had no intention of reducing that cash pile in the near future. Meanwhile, analysts argued14 that retaining surplus cash would only dilute a companys Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and, over a period of time, destroy shareholder value. Bajaj had a capital employed of Rs 4,000 crore, of which only Rs 1,300 crore was deployed in its two-wheeler operations. This generated an smooth ROCE of 60%. But the remaining Rs 2,700 crore of idle cash, earned a return of only 17%.As a result, Bajaj Autos overall ROCE was 31%, far lower than Hero Hondas 95%. Exhibit IX Return on Operating Capital (Rs. Million) As at 31, March 2003 Fixed assets Technical know-how Working capital Total Operating profit after interest and wear and tear Pre-tax return on operating capital exmployed Source: Bajaj Auto Annual Report, 2002-03. As at 31, March 2002 10,910 128 699 11,737 4,834 41% 10,502 107 638 11,247 6,744 60% Exhibit X Dividend Payouts (%) Company Bajaj Hero Honda TVS 1999 19. 18 22. 89 21. 96 2000 20. 88 23. 08 23. 92 2001 35. 69 26. 74 32. 54 2002 27. 34 75. 53 42. 47 Source: Businessworld, 19th May 2003. Capital Structure Bajaj’s debt- rightfulness ratio was 0. 6 and interest coverage was 717. 76 times in 2003. Bajaj mostly relied on internal generation rather than external funding. In 2003, Bajaj had Rs. 3139. 42 crore of reserve & surplus (49% of it total assets), where as Hero Honda and TVS had only Rs. 821. 09 crore and Rs. 399. 85 crore respectively. Bajaj deployed bulk of its funds in investments (44. 02% of total assets) and fixed assets (20. 57% of total assets). 14 M. Anand, ? Is Munjal Being Too open-handed?? Businessworld, 19th May 2003. 118 Financial Management at Bajaj Auto Exhibit XI Bajaj: paleness Holding, December 2003 right Holding Indian promoters rough-cut funds and UTI Banks, FIs, Insurance Cos.F IIs Private corporate bodies Indian public NRIs/OCBs Any other Total equity holding Source: Prowess Database. No of Shares 29516461 1612731 3829868 19318255 13264490 29054237 401776 4185692 101183510 % of Total Shares 29. 17 1. 59 3. 79 19. 09 13. 11 28. 71 0. 40 4. 14 100 In kinsfolk 2000, Bajaj had spent about Rs 720 crore to buy back 15% of its equity. The offer was announced at a price of Rs 400 per share when the prevailing price was around Rs 320. Though prices fell to Rs 200 immediately after the buyback, it had later recovered to about Rs 500. Bajaj believed buy back was a better way to distribute pelf to shareholders than dividends.Bajaj had a cash reserve of $ 575 million and paid a concluding dividend of 120% and a special dividend of 20% in 2002 (paid on account of the one-time premia received from Allianz AG, Germany, the companys partner in the two insurance joint ventures)15 and a final dividend of 140% in 2003. The core of dividend and the tax aggregated to Rs. 1 ,598 million. The company’s dividend get i. e. , (dividend per share by the market price) showed that Bajaj had a pass of 2. 7%. 16 Looking Ahead In the motorcycles segment, ‘Boxer had performed well and had increased its market share to 45% in the entry-level market, which was estimated at 102,000 units (35% of total motorcycle sales). But growth was primarily led by ‘Pulsar, the premium-end motorcycle. Against the companys estimate of 10,000 units per month at the beginning of 2002, the model toothed sales of around 17,000 units per month in late 2002.Encouraged by the success, Bajaj planned to ramp up sales to 25,000 units per month by early 2004 and evaluate to achieve total leadership in the motorcycle segment, aiming at a growth rate of 15%. Bajaj expected to improve its relationships with customers by expanding its product range and outturn its dealer network. It planned to launch a 125 cc motorcycle with Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd, which was in the final stage of development. A rear engine diesel goods carrier was in the testing stage 15 16 Source: Prowess Database. Chetan Soni & Nandini Sen Gupta, ? Rolling rootage: Payouts put auto investors in top gear,? propagation News clear upwork, 4th June 2003. 119 Financial Insights and would be launched in 2004. Bajaj also planned to broaden its vision and work towards being a truly global player.Effective management of the company’s finances would play an burning(prenominal) role in this regard. Figure (iii) Bajaj: Closing Share Price & Traded Quantity Source: Prowess Database. Figure (iv) Bajaj: Traded Quantity Source: Prowess Database. Figure (v) Bajaj: Dividend open & Earning Per Share Dividend Yield 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Dec-97 Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00 Dec-01 Dec-02 Dec-03 Jun-98 Jun-99 Jun-00 Jun-01 Jun-02 Jun-03 Earning Per Share 80 60 40 20 0 Dec-97 Jun-98 Dec-98 Jun-99 Dec-99 Jun-00 Dec-00 Jun-01 Dec-01 Jun-02 Dec-02 Jun-03 Dec-03 Source: Prowess Database. 12 0 Financial Management at Bajaj Auto Figure (vi) Bajaj: Assets Structure Source: Prowess Database. Exhibit: XIIBajaj: Capital History discern Month Issue fictional character Face care for (Rs. ) 10 10 Security Amount (Rs. Crore) 0 0 Additional Increased Paid up Paid up Capital Capital (Rs. Crore) (Rs. Crore) 18. 81 37. 63 37. 63 75. 25 Security Type Sep-91 Bonus Jun-94 Bonus Euro Oct-94 Issue Sep-97 Bonus comeliness Equity Global Depository Receipts Equity 10 10 10 345. 07 0 0 4. 34 39. 8 0 79. 59 119. 39 101. 18 getbac Sep-00 k Equity Source: Prowess Database. Exhibit XIII Bajaj: Ratios Bajaj Auto Ratios Liquidity Ratios on-line(prenominal) ratio Quick ratio Solvency Ratios Debt-equity ratio Interest coverage 0. 26 0. 22 0. 20 45. 04 0. 16 33. 85 0. 17 21. 23 0. 11 11. 83 0. 29 18. 43 0. 52 5. 63 0. 6 4. 58 2. 07 1. 20 1. 88 1. 01 1. 69 0. 69 1. 11 0. 16 1. 20 0. 25 1. 44 0. 81 1. 01 0. 34 1. 12 0. 47 1. 16 0. 36 2003 2002 2001 Hero Honda 2003 2002 2001 T V S Motor 2003 2002 2001 717. 76 161. 91 121 Financial Insights Bajaj Auto Ratios 2003 2002 2001 Hero Honda 2003 2002 2001 T V S Motor 2003 2002 2001 Efficiency Ratios (in Days) Average days of finished goods air Average days of debtors Average days of creditors Net working capital cycle Profitability Ratios PBDIT (NNRT) as % of sales PBIT (NNRT) as % of sales PAT (NNRT) as % of sales Return on net value Return on capital employed 20. 19 16. 65 11. 07 17. 50 21. 47 16. 87 13. 12 8. 63 13. 3 16. 74 13. 07 9. 18 8. 24 10. 26 9. 98 17. 59 16. 45 10. 02 67. 10 94. 64 16. 77 15. 63 9. 72 67. 67 95. 27 14. 46 13. 07 7. 87 47. 52 70. 98 9. 23 6. 66 3. 94 32. 89 42. 10 6. 79 4. 57 2. 47 8. 18 5. 78 3. 47 9. 90 13. 80 42. 40 -5. 68 10. 27 13. 95 43. 47 0. 69 11. 38 15. 42 49. 54 6. 61 3. 91 8. 62 35. 57 -7. 47 3. 53 5. 80 32. 71 -4. 79 3. 93 4. 28 31. 10 14. 09 8. 14 52. 96 14. 97 13. 13 15. 95 19. 82 52. 05 44. 89 -1. 24 7. 54 2. 05 -14. 15 16. 05 18. 80 20. 86 20. 74 90. 00 80. 00 Dividend rate (sum of inte rim and final) 140. 00 140. 00 Market Ratios P/E P/B 16. 61 3. 19 9. 54 1. 63 80. 00 900. 00 850. 00 150. 00 120. 00 9. 25 1. 32 3. 46 7. 63 9. 27 5. 62 13. 66 6. 21 18. 41 5. 02 10. 35 10. 39 3. 08 0. 99 Source: Prowess Database. Exhibit XIV plebeian size Income statement Commonsize Income didactics 2003 Total tax income Sales some other income Change in armorys Non-recurring income Bajaj Auto 2002 2001 Hero Honda 2003 2002 2001 2003 TVS 2002 2001 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 94. 22 3. 51 0. 64 1. 64 92. 27 4. 22 -0. 67 4. 18 91. 85 6. 18 0. 36 1. 61 97. 76 0. 44 0. 40 1. 40 98. 24 1. 04 -0. 13 0. 85 98. 75 0. 33 0. 56 0. 35 97. 76 0. 67 1. 25 0. 31 98. 96 0. 89 0. 15 0. 01 98. 04 1. 05 0. 90 0. 01 122 Financial Management at Bajaj AutoCommonsize Income Statement 2003 Expenditure stabbing materials, stores, etc. reward & salaries aptitude (power & fuel) Indirect taxes (excise, etc. ) Advertising & marketing expenses Distribution expenses differents Non-recurring expenses Profits / losses PBDIT Financial charges (incl. convey rent) PBDT Depreciation PBT tax proviso PAT Bajaj Auto 2002 2001 Hero Honda 2003 2002 2001 2003 TVS 2002 2001 52. 84 4. 66 1. 19 11. 73 51. 39 5. 12 1. 41 11. 80 52. 79 6. 20 1. 80 14. 57 67. 59 3. 86 0. 49 0. 19 68. 80 3. 71 0. 56 0. 12 72. 87 3. 67 0. 73 0. 19 60. 37 3. 27 0. 66 13. 69 63. 29 3. 37 0. 69 13. 86 73. 20 3. 46 0. 90 1. 72 8. 61 0. 86 3. 50 1. 63 19. 3 8. 62 0. 82 5. 28 0. 69 19. 06 9. 83 0. 90 4. 93 2. 85 10. 77 4. 16 1. 89 4. 57 0. 07 18. 51 2. 99 1. 88 5. 55 0. 22 17. 10 2. 74 1. 81 4. 12 0. 46 14. 18 11. 06 2. 08 3. 92 0. 10 9. 23 8. 37 2. 12 4. 65 0. 04 6. 69 8. 76 1. 60 4. 69 0. 04 7. 99 0. 02 19. 01 3. 34 15. 67 5. 24 10. 43 0. 07 18. 99 3. 47 15. 52 4. 06 11. 46 0. 19 10. 58 3. 57 7. 01 0. 68 6. 33 0. 48 18. 04 1. 11 16. 93 5. 81 11. 12 0. 72 16. 38 1. 12 15. 26 5. 08 10. 17 1. 09 13. 09 1. 38 11. 72 4. 04 7. 67 0. 35 8. 88 2. 51 6. 36 2. 30 4. 06 0. 80 5. 89 2. 20 3. 69 1. 28 2. 41 1. 24 6. 75 2. 35 4. 40 1. 03 3. 37 Source: Prowess Database. Exhibit XV Common size sleep SheetCommon size rest period Sheet 2003 Total assets staring(a) fixed assets Land & building Plant & machinery other fixed assets Capital WIP Bajaj Auto 2002 2001 Hero Honda 2003 2002 2001 2003 TVS 2002 2001 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 41. 62 4. 02 35. 09 2. 45 0. 06 46. 97 4. 65 39. 56 2. 69 0. 07 53. 65 5. 30 44. 99 2. 88 0. 48 35. 60 5. 77 28. 21 1. 20 0. 42 40. 72 6. 96 31. 96 1. 25 0. 55 54. 82 7. 93 43. 57 1. 68 1. 64 77. 80 12. 72 58. 45 4. 01 2. 63 78. 81 10. 14 63. 09 4. 22 1. 35 77. 23 10. 39 59. 41 4. 40 3. 04 123 Financial Insights Common size balance Sheet 2003 Less: cumulative depreciation Net fixed assets Investments In group / fellow traveller cos.In mutual funds other(a) investments Inventory Raw materials Stores and spares Finished goods Semi-finished goods Sundry debtors Accrued income Advances / loans to Group / dude cos. Advances / loans to Other cos. Deposits with govt. / agencies Advance payment of tax Other receivables Cash & bank balance Deferred tax assets intangible assets & deferred revenue expenditure not create verbally off Bajaj Auto 2002 2001 Hero Honda 2003 2002 2001 2003 TVS 2002 2001 21. 05 20. 57 44. 02 4. 13 3. 50 36. 39 3. 30 0. 89 0. 34 1. 82 0. 25 2. 65 0. 32 21. 67 25. 30 36. 82 4. 75 2. 29 29. 78 3. 31 1. 00 0. 57 1. 44 0. 30 3. 66 0. 47 24. 30 29. 35 25. 89 1. 46 2. 64 21. 79 5. 46 1. 96 0. 91 2. 23 0. 36 2. 60 0. 71 12. 47 23. 13 54. 3 0. 16 54. 37 0. 00 9. 18 5. 10 1. 14 2. 51 0. 43 6. 46 0. 00 12. 74 27. 98 41. 41 0. 20 41. 21 0. 00 10. 17 6. 17 1. 54 1. 94 0. 52 5. 69 0. 00 15. 55 39. 27 26. 18 0. 30 25. 88 0. 00 17. 18 10. 62 2. 32 3. 16 1. 08 3. 66 0. 00 28. 15 49. 65 8. 19 5. 60 2. 57 0. 02 19. 95 3. 89 4. 13 10. 36 1. 58 4. 87 0. 00 28. 18 50. 63 1. 66 1. 60 0. 00 0. 05 17. 15 4. 24 2. 50 8. 44 1. 97 9. 97 0. 00 24. 69 52. 54 1. 79 1. 68 0. 00 0. 12 18. 32 5. 49 2. 13 8. 46 2. 25 12. 89 0. 00 1. 68 3. 56 0. 11 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 16 1. 60 8. 21 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 43 4. 49 1. 86 0. 06 0. 40 0. 41 0. 01 0. 01 0. 11 0. 08 0. 02 3. 93 21. 99 2. 52 0. 8 1. 08 21. 04 2. 28 0. 47 0. 84 21. 71 4. 74 0. 46 0. 00 0. 52 4. 48 1. 11 0. 04 0. 59 7. 31 6. 21 0. 05 0. 88 7. 08 3. 90 0. 00 0. 00 7. 59 7. 69 0. 55 0. 59 6. 48 8. 56 0. 41 0. 77 5. 93 1. 92 0. 00 0. 17 0. 24 0. 35 0. 53 0. 58 1. 75 0. 00 0. 03 0. 05 124 Financial Management at Bajaj Auto Common size Balance Sheet 2003 Total liabilities Net worth pay up equity capital militia & surplus Secured borrowings unsecured borrowings Deferred tax liabilities trustworthy liabilities Sundry creditors Interest accrued / due Other current liabilities nutrition Tax provision Dividend provision Dividend tax provision Other provisions Bajaj Auto 2002 2001Hero Honda 2003 2002 2001 2003 TVS 2002 2001 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 51. 36 1. 60 49. 75 0. 85 12. 46 3. 81 7. 21 6. 56 0. 00 0. 65 24. 30 21. 01 2. 25 0. 29 0. 76 52. 99 1. 87 51. 12 0. 59 10. 99 4. 36 8. 41 7. 60 0. 00 0. 81 22. 65 19. 56 2. 62 0. 00 0. 47 56. 80 2. 18 54. 62 1. 21 9. 86 0. 00 10. 07 7. 70 0. 00 2. 37 22. 06 19. 77 1. 74 0. 18 0. 37 39. 34 1. 82 37. 52 0. 00 6. 14 3. 53 31. 14 18. 73 0. 00 12. 41 19. 86 0. 50 16. 42 2. 10 0. 84 39. 10 2. 28 36. 82 0. 00 6. 64 4. 07 34. 97 22. 73 0. 00 12. 24 15. 22 0. 48 13. 66 0. 00 1. 08 54. 44 3. 46 50. 98 0. 00 5. 75 0. 00 31. 63 22. 03 0. 00 9. 60 8. 18 0. 82 5. 18 0. 3 1. 64 39. 42 2. 15 37. 27 3. 82 7. 54 8. 27 37. 87 37. 81 0. 00 0. 06 3. 08 0. 00 1. 51 0. 19 1. 38 37. 27 2. 66 34. 61 10. 50 8. 74 9. 14 33. 31 33. 08 0. 00 0. 24 1. 04 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 1. 04 43. 06 2. 78 40. 28 19. 09 9. 09 0. 00 25. 55 25. 51 0. 00 0. 05 3. 20 0. 00 2. 23 0. 23 0. 75 Source: Prowess Database. Exhibit XVI Comparative Income Statement Comparative Income Statement 2001 Total revenue Sales Other income Change in stocks Non-recurring income 3628. 74 4172. 1 4829. 37 3177. 2 4471. 87 5107. 7 1820. 98 2213. 59 3111. 28 244. 19 190. 61 179. 85 14. 13 -30. 4 32. 58 83. 93 10. 63 18. 17 11. 42 47. 21 -5. 81 38. 54 23. 24 21. 08 72. 8 19. 57 16. 65 0. 27 19. 8 3. 27 0. 23 21. 4 39. 82 9. 94 Bajaj Auto 2002 2003 Hero Honda 2001 2002 2003 2001 TVS 2002 2003 63. 66 189. 21 125 Financial Insights Comparative Income Statement 2001 Expenditure Raw materials, stores, etc. Wages & salaries Energy (power & fuel) Indirect taxes (excise, etc. ) Bajaj Auto 2002 2003 Hero Honda 2001 2002 2003 2001 TVS 2002 2003 2085. 47 2323. 71 2708. 23 2344. 39 3131. 72 3531. 81 1359. 65 1415. 78 1921. 32 245. 14 231. 48 239. 05 117. 96 168. 94 201. 63 64. 26 75. 37 104. 05 71. 03 63. 64 61. 12 23. 4 5. 98 25. 61 5. 39 25. 82 9. 75 16. 63 15. 44 20. 85 575. 8 533. 48 601. 22 31. 88 309. 94 435. 77Advertising & marketing expenses 204. 94 200. 41 233. 29 Distribution expenses Others 35. 46 37. 02 44. 23 64. 17 58. 1 93. 73 147. 01 119. 04 118. 49 212. 49 85. 39 98. 92 29. 64 47. 36 66. 27 194. 82 238. 63 179. 61 132. 45 252. 48 238. 84 31. 25 83. 7 14. 65 10. 24 3. 86 87. 15 103. 91 124. 72 0. 83 0. 86 3. 28 Non-recurring expenses 112. 59 Profits / losses PBDIT Financial charges (incl. rent rent) PBDT Depreciation PBT Tax provision PAT ppropriation of profits Dividends Retained earnings 425. 47 861. 9 975. 28 456. 32 778. 31 967. 36 148. 39 149. 74 293. 69 7. 4 3. 38 1. 12 35. 1 44. 27 32. 92 51. 01 24. 82 57. 98 303. 8 22. 97 43. 73 81. 69 19. 12 62. 7 17. 96 49. 22 28. 61 11. 24 79. 91 73. 19 418. 07 858. 52 974. 16 421. 22 745. 39 942. 54 125. 42 131. 78 282. 45 141. 12 156. 68 171. 16 276. 95 701. 84 803 376. 95 694. 38 884. 56 82. 56 202. 54 53. 95 129. 35 27 183. 68 268. 36 130. 08 231. 45 249. 95 518. 16 534. 64 246. 87 462. 93 580. 76 89. 21 141. 66 159. 81 160. 74 66. 01 349. 67 405. 49 20. 36 42. 21 22. 91 31. 04 29. 79 99. 56 376. 5 374. 83 180. 86 113. 26 175. 27 Source: Prowess Database. Exhibit XVII Comparative Balance Sheet Comparative Balance Sheet (Rs Crore) Assets Gross fixed assets 2001 Bajaj 2002 2003 Hero Honda 2001 633. 61 2002 714. 21 2003 779. 25 TVS Motor 2001 641. 3 2002 683. 85 2003 834. 7 2490. 26 2540. 08 2626. 18 126 Financial Management at Bajaj Auto Comparative Balance Sheet (Rs Crore) Land & building Plant & machinery Other fixed assets Capital WIP Less: cumulative depreciation Net fixed assets Investments In group / touch on cos. In mutual funds Other investments Inventories Raw materials Stores and spares Finished goods Semi-finished goods Receivables Sundry debtors Accrued income Advances / loans to Group / ally cos. Advances / loans to Other cos. Deposits with govt. / agencies Advance payment of tax Other receivables Cash & bank balance Deferred tax assets nonphysical assets (goodwill, etc. Deferred revenue expenditure not scripted off 245. 85 Bajaj 251. 53 Hero Honda 253. 42 Mar-00 May-00 May-00 503. 59 19. 45 18. 95 179. 76 453. 85 302. 59 3. 46 299. 13 0 198. 54 122. 79 26. 81 36. 47 12. 47 135. 54 42. 29 0 560. 54 21. 89 9. 69 223. 47 490. 74 617. 32 26. 37 9. 19 273. 01 506. 24 TVS Motor 86. 24 493. 09 36. 49 25. 21 204. 92 436. 11 14. 89 13. 92 0 0. 97 152. 03 45. 53 17. 65 70. 2 18. 65 210. 64 106. 95 0. 04 88. 03 547. 47 36. 66 11. 69 244. 54 439. 31 14. 39 13. 92 0 0. 47 148. 79 36. 76 21. 73 73. 23 17. 07 187. 09 86. 52 0 136. 47 627. 07 42. 97 28. 19 302. 03 532. 67 87. 92 60. 08 27. 58 0. 26 214. 07 41. 71 44. 32 111. 1 16. 94 149. 87 52. 21 0 088. 17 2139. 11 2214. 16 133. 81 22. 43 1127. 91 145. 48 3. 96 154. 59 4. 01 1171. 8 1327. 95 1362. 35 1368. 28 1298. 23 1201. 65 1991. 42 2777. 68 67. 62 122. 77 257. 02 123. 99 260. 88 220. 77 726. 29 1193. 52 3. 46 3. 46 722. 83 1190. 06 0 178. 36 108. 27 26. 96 34. 02 9. 11 238. 52 99. 72 0 0 200. 92 111. 67 25. 04 54. 84 9. 37 251. 26 141. 49 0 1011. 26 1610. 41 2296. 03 253. 43 91 42. 17 103. 49 16. 77 179. 1 54. 32 30. 57 77. 95 16. 26 207. 98 56. 16 21. 15 114. 63 16. 04 1786. 88 1785. 53 1917. 13 120. 72 33. 01 198. 17 25. 34 167. 04 20. 24 5. 3 380. 88 19. 24 192. 75 86. 6 21. 73 106 73. 11 3. 87 1387. 8 159. 07 30. 03 68. 06 10. 68 0 1. 26 10. 14 81. 85 45. 09 0 0 0 0 0. 21 10. 34 128. 25 108. 96 0. 81 0 0 0 0. 32 11. 31 98. 14 24. 33 0. 89 0 0 15. 43 32. 66 6. 38 49. 18 15. 91 0 0 0 39 0. 14 5. 16 56. 27 74. 27 3. 57 0 0 15. 3 0. 86 0. 03 81. 47 82. 46 5. 9 0 1007. 75 1137. 62 219. 98 21. 32 0 0 123. 32 25. 2 45. 48 12. 8 16. 03 0 0 20. 2 10. 22 11. 52 0. 44 0. 3 0 127 Financial Insights Comparative Balance Sheet (Rs Crore) Share issue expenses not written off VRS expenses not written off Other misc. expenses not written off Total assets Net worth classical capital Issued equity capital Paid-up equity capital Bonus equity capital Buy back amount Buy back shares (nos. Reserves & surplus Free reserves Specific reserves Borrowings Bank borrowings Short ter m bank borrowings spacious term bank borrowings Govt. / sales tax deferral borrowings Debentures / bonds Fixed deposits Other borrowings Secured borrowings Unsecured borrowings Bajaj Hero Honda TVS Motor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 44 0 0. 3 0 0 0 16. 03 0 0 20. 2 10. 22 11. 52 0 830. 02 357. 41 25 23. 1 23. 1 0 0 0 334. 31 291. 81 42. 5 233. 95 107. 37 76. 12 31. 25 0 0 4641. 66 5407. 81 6309. 79 1155. 81 2636. 53 2865. 79 3240. 61 150 101. 18 101. 18 114. 17 18. 21 1820730 4 2535. 35 150 101. 19 101. 19 114. 17 0 0 150 101. 19 101. 19 114. 17 0 0 629. 19 50 39. 94 39. 94 23. 96 0 0 589. 25 589. 25 0 66. 48 0 0 0 1753. 9 2188. 68 685. 76 50 39. 94 39. 94 23. 96 0 0 645. 82 645. 2 0 116. 44 0 0 0 861. 03 50 39. 94 39. 94 23. 96 0 0 821. 09 821. 09 0 134. 28 0 0 0 867. 72 1072. 89 323. 39 25 23. 1 23. 1 0 0 0 300. 29 270. 59 29. 7 166. 94 53. 64 34. 89 18. 75 422. 95 25 23. 1 23. 1 0 0 0 399. 85 380. 05 19. 8 121. 89 16. 13 16. 13 0 2764. 6 3139. 42 2515. 39 2744. 64 3121. 21 19. 96 513. 71 55. 97 55. 97 0 19. 96 626. 09 31. 83 31. 83 0 18. 21 840. 23 53. 91 53. 91 0 451. 64 0 6. 1 0 55. 97 457. 74 588. 96 0 5. 3 0 31. 83 594. 26 781. 9 0 4. 42 0 53. 91 786. 32 66. 48 0 0 0 0 66. 48 116. 44 0 0 0 0 116. 44 134. 28 0 0 0 0 134. 28 0 85 0 41. 58 158. 49 75. 46 0 59. 4 0 53. 9 91. 11 75. 83 0 39. 6 0 66. 16 41. 03 80. 86 128Financial Management at Bajaj Auto Comparative Balance Sheet (Rs Crore) reliable portion of long term debt Total foreign currency borrowings Deferred tax liabilities Current liabilities & provisions Current liabilities Sundry creditors Interest accrued / due Other current liabilities Share application money Provisions Tax provision Dividend provision Dividend tax provision Other provisions Total liabilities Bajaj Hero Honda TVS Motor 0 0 0 0 0 0 65. 38 36 11. 48 0 0 0 236. 05 0 240. 47 0 0 0 0 71. 47 77. 16 0 0 0 79. 35 0 88. 72 1491. 42 1679. 88 1988. 48 467. 55 357. 29 0. 11 110. 15 454. 93 411. 13 0. 1 43. 7 454. 9 413. 86 0. 08 40. 9 6 460. 14 365. 62 254. 61 0 111. 01 880. 3 1116. 21 613. 32 398. 61 0 214. 71 681. 52 409. 94 0 271. 58 238. 66 212. 1 211. 71 0 0. 39 298. 04 289. 05 287 0 2. 05 439. 33 406. 26 405. 65 0 0. 61 0 0 0 0. 02 94. 52 9. 51 59. 9 6. 11 19 0. 02 266. 91 8. 34 239. 64 0 18. 93 0 434. 69 10. 9 359. 44 46. 05 18. 3 0 26. 56 0 18. 48 1. 88 6. 2 830. 02 0 8. 99 0 0 0 8. 99 0 33. 07 0 16. 17 2. 07 14. 83 1023. 87 1224. 95 1533. 58 917. 58 1057. 94 1325. 98 80. 95 8. 26 17. 08 141. 66 0 25. 35 141. 66 18. 15 47. 79 4641. 66 5407. 81 6309. 79 1155. 81 1753. 9 2188. 68 867. 72 1072. 89 Source: Prowess Database. 129 Financial Insights Bibliography 1. 2. ?The BT 500,? 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