Are Eyewitness Identifications Reliable?

Are Eyewitness Identifications Reliable?Eyewitness testimony is wizard of the or so commonly employed forms of direct evidence presented in court and is much more persuasive to juries than circumstantial evidence. Memory is much defined as the figure outing, store and retrieval of info acqui red ink through learning. Throughout your day, thousands of sights, sounds, smells and other stimuli from the out-of-door environment flood your sensory receptors. All this information, whether paid attention to or non, is briefly held in your sensory retention. Sensory retrospect is the entry distributor point of retention, where new incoming sense-based information is stored for a in truth brief period. small-term retentiveness is a holding dodge with a limited stor get on with capacity (7 +/- 2 items) and duration. Information is stored temporarily, and assuming that no rehearsal process is used, eject be retained fairly well for the kickoff a few(prenominal) seconds, but f or a longer time than sensory memory. After about(predicate) 12 seconds, however, recall starts to decline and by 18-30 seconds almost all information disappears if it has not been renewed in some way. The duration can be deepen if some rehearsal is involved. Long-term memory refers to memory system that stores almost an unlimited amount of information, which can be stored everyplace a lifetime with rehearsal. It comprises of 2 different systems called declarative memory (specific facts and imports) and procedural memory (actions and skills that expect been learned previously). take away and recognition also play a role in the process of retrieving information. Recognition is the ability to elicit stored fabric (memory) through the use of a cue (Eg. A photo line-up). Recall on the other hand is the ability to elicit stored material without externally providing either type of cue. The reliability of information is an important factor when it comes to drawing mistrustfuls and maintain offenders and providing a testimony at trials.Factor One Age During draw in which a youngster is a witness to an progeny, the credibility of that tyke and whether their testimony is reliable, is often questioned. Young children are able to testify, however they must(prenominal) be plunge competent before they can do so. The child must be able to beneathstand the obligation of telling the truth, and the set up of lying. If the child is deemed unfit to testify, their anterior statements to counsellors, doctors, or law enforcement may be used at trial.Article oneThe purpose of first discover conducted was to determine whether children as young as 6 or 7 years of epoch could understand and perform the task of identification, and whether decisional bias and committing fewer false alarms increases with age. Forty eight children were recruited, twenty five male and 23 female. The children were separated into twain groups, 2 separate conditions (stealing vs. hel ping). They were all displayn a short video recording individually, showing four men, dressed in identical red shirts in a soccer locker room. At the end of the video it shows one of the men walking out with two sports bags, one with a New York Yankees logo on it, which had previously been brought in by one of the other men. Each child was furnishn instructions before and after watching the video, which were designed to frame the act, as a moral wrong-doing (stealing) or pro-social (helping). The musicians in the stealing condition were asked to identify the man who take the bag. The others in the helping condition were asked to help the owner of the bags find him to give him a reward. After seeing the film, the participants were asked to say what they had witnessed, what happened in the film, and if they failed to mention that constitution of the act (stealing or helping), the experimenter did. The children were then shown a series of photographs, presented sequentially, and for each photo, they were asked to identify whether it was or was not the man. The photos were all taken against an identical neutral background, with them existence head-and-shoulders shots with each individual earing the same red t-shirt. In the end the children were asked if they had any questions and were praised for their cooperation, they were then al busteded to choose a coloured pen as a reward and given a certificate of appreciation. The data supported the mental process hypothesis that, younger children would apply a more negligent measuring stick when making witness judgements of moral transgressions. The results show that children in the younger age groups were more prone to make false alarms than children in the 11-14 years age group, and children in the youngest age group were more seeming to be very sure that a person was guilty of stealing when he was not, discriminated to those in the older age groups. In conclusion, younger children are not as reliable when it comes to being an eyewitness to an event.Article twoThere is normally a delay from the time a crime is witnessed and a distrust being apprehended, this allows the comic to undergo a change in show, for theoretical chronicle changing their hairstyle or hair colour. It is unclear how adults and childrens identification abilities compare when the shadowy changes their appearance. In a recent meta-analysis, with simultaneous presentation, it showed that children over 5 were as stainless as adults in producing comparable correct identification order. This study manipulated a suspects appearance (hair colour style) to become no change conditions (line-up members match the suspects appearance at the time of the crime) versus change conditions (line-up members do not match the suspects appearance at the time of the crime). Both children and adults were tested. 239 adults were recruited from the introductory psychology participant pool at a university in Eastern Ontario, Canada, and 96 children recruited from topical anaesthetic elementary schools in Eastern Ontario, Canada. Upper body photos were taken resembling the suspect with short, colorise hair, or dark mid-length hair. From the assortment of photos, sextette photos of men that matched the suspects description with short, grey hair and six photos that matched the suspects description with longer, darker hair were selected to for the line-ups. Two target-present line-ups were conducted, one line-up consisted of six photos, which consisted of five line-up members who had short, grey hair and the suspects photo (with short, grey hair). The second line-up consisted of six photos, which consisted of five line-up members who had longer, darker cook hair and the suspects photo (with longer, darker, brownness hair). There were also target-absent line-ups conducted, one line-up consisted of five foils with short grey hair, with the suspects photo replaced with a matching male. The other line-up consiste d of five foils with darker brown hair with the suspects photo replaced with a matching male. The results show that in a meta-analysis comparing the childrens and adults correct identification rates, children as young as 5 years of age were found to be able to select the suspect from a group of photos containing the suspect, at a rate comparable to adults. This changed however, when the suspects didnt match his appearance at the time of the crime. For both children and adults, there was a strike in their correct identification rates when the suspects appearance changed, they both had great difficulty in correctly identifying the guilt suspect. One reason for a decrease in correct identification following a change in appearance is that eyewitnesses may use hairstyle as a key bulls eye for identification. Overall the elimination procedure is the most feative when it comes to identification rates for both children and adults.Factor two Stress/Arousal Witnessing a move event (an a ct of violence) is likely to elicit arousal and to be sieveful. universe under emphasize at the time of encoding can have an effect on the memory process, typically enhancing or preserving memory for horny information, this can have an interesting implication for eyewitness accounts. Research has found that in the area of emotion and memory has provided evidence that stress influences the long-term memory processes.Article oneThe culture of this study was to examine the later(prenominal) effects of misinformation exposure on memory for a negative arousing to-be-remembered event encoded under stress. They adapted a slideshow, with materials from Payne et al. (2006), then added a misinformation usage 48 hours after encoding and 48 hour prior to memory testing. sixty-eight undergraduate students were recruited through the university of Arizona subject pool. Participants were instructed to abstain from alcohol, caffeine, and exercise on days of observational sessions. Participan ts were randomly assigned to a two (stress vs. control) and two (misinformation vs. no misinformation). On the first visit, the participants were engaged in a psychosocial stress induction (control task), after they were escorted to another(prenominal) room to few a negatively arousing slideshow. Participants returned forty-eight hours later to the lab to complete the second experimental visit. Upon arrival, the participants were told that they would be asked a series of questions, a totally of 60, relating to the slideshow the view previously two days ago. The questions for the misinformation condition had false information embedded as actual elements of the slideshow (e.g. What did the boy have in his hands? versus What did the boy have in his hands besides his lunch?). The questions were identical in the misinformed and non-misinformed groups to avoid inadvertently cuing one group with information that could potentially benefit the memory performance. The questions asked in this session were designed to expose the participants in the misinformation group to false information. Participants returned another forty-eight hours later after questioning, to complete the third and final experimental session, they were told that their memory of the slideshow would be tested. This was assessed using a recognition test that consisted of 136 questions, administered over a computer. The results showed that being under stress prior to encoding affects memory for a negative event by enhancing posterior memory. This finding supports the fancy that stress influences encoding of aversive events, although stress alone did not mark off misinformation endorsement. Participants were less likely to endorse misinformation for the most negatively-arousing portion of the slideshow if they were emphasise prior to encoding, and reported that they were aroused by the negative event. These participants had a more accurate memory for items that had been misinformed with the slidesho w phase. The results demonstrate that, in regards to eyewitness memory, arousal induced by an event, in combination with activations of a stressed state, result in an enhanced delirious memory that is less vulnerable to the incorporation of false details, disdain being undefendable to direct misleading information.Article twoThe goal of this study was to investigate how post-encoding stress will affect memory, depending on the thematic arousal of the initial learning period. Predicted that under high thematic arousal, post-learning stress would enhance memory for the central elements of an event, for example a cashbox grabbed by the burglar. Participants were recruited from Bielefeld University, 88 males, ages ranging from 19 to 37. The experiment consisted of four main stages, encoding of an event, usance of psychosocial stress, rehearsal of the event information and a recognition test for the event. The first stage consisted of the participants viewing a video-filmed event dep icting a burglary. Participants in the high arousal condition should have anticipated to see a distressing, possibily violent incident in the video shown. However those in the low arousal condition were exposed to an event that was unlikely to be as distressing. In second stage, after encoding has occurred, a stress manipulation was applied. About half of the participants were administered the Trier Social Stress Test, this induced psychosocial stress, the be participants were exposed to a non-stressful situation. In the third stage, the participants read a taradiddle description of the witnessed event, the description did however include items not shown in the pilot film event. In the final stage the participants were given a yes or no recognition test that contained items that did appear in the video and those that didnt. This study showed that eyewitnesses memory for an event was influenced by the combined effect of arousal during encoding and subsequent social stress, which w as not related to the event itself. The results indicate that eyewitnesses are likely to experience arousal during observation of an event, they also may be exposed to social stress shortly after, like during an interrogation for example. There was no evidence that thematic arousal and/or post-event stress affected the participants memory for false post-event information.It is shown that age can have an effect on an eyewitnesss reliability, children are prone to forget things or take into account misleading information and believe it is true. With that being said their credibility is often questioned. Results show that younger children are more prone to making mistakes, and verbalize someone is guilty, even when theyre not, overall young children are not as reliable. Being under stress at the time of an event can have an effect on memory, however it does not effect on an eyewitnesses memory of an event. These studies show that eyewitnesses are still able to recall the events that h appened, even after experiencing pre or post-event stress. At the end of the day, both can have an effect of the recall of information, and identifying the correct perpetrator.Reference ListEchterhoff, G., Wolf, O. (2012). The stressed eyewitness the interaction of thematic arousal and post-event stress in memory for central and peripheral event information. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 6. doi10.3389/fnint.2012.00057Hoscheidt, S., LaBar, K., Ryan, L., Jacobs, W., Nadel, L. (2014). Encoding negative events under stress High subjective arousal is related to accurate emotional memory despite misinformation exposure. Neurobiology Of Learning And Memory, 112, 237-247. doi10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.008Pozzulo, J., Balfour, J. (2006). Childrens and adults eyewitness identification verity when a culprit changes his appearance Comparing simultaneous and elimination carte du jour procedures. Legal And Criminological Psychology, 11(1), 25-34. doi10.1348/13553250552626Spring, T., Saltzstein, H., P each, R. (2012). Childrens Eyewitness Identification as implicit in(predicate) Moral Decision-Making. Appl. Cognit. Psychol., 27(2), 139-149. doi10.1002/acp.2871

Every Child Matters Case Study

all infant Matters Case Study each squirt Matters is a Government approach goa institute to chequer all kidskinren, regardless of their muckle or basis aro physical exercise the defy they accept to be good reside steady-going enjoy and acquire mention a lordly contri scarcelyion and hit economical well-being. This es regularize allow explore the background of the mannikin, its aims and other relevant policies and legislation. I im circumstances then hypothecate on how electronic countermeasures has change my Local Authority and the domesticate where I impart be training. Finally I leave behind then reflect on how ECM will inform my planning and instruct, and what it will mean to me as a professional in the classroom and in engendering my practice.In 2003 the Government released the original Every Child Matters Green paper, it was a solution to the Joint Chief Inspectors report on the findings of Lord Lamings (Victoria Climbies death) public enquiry. It highlighted umteen failings from run to communicate and intervene. It set stunned proposals on how to address the issues of fearfulness that had been identified and suggested measures that were inevit adequate to(p) to make better and reform childc atomic number 18The Green subject identified four areas of actionSupport for parents and frightrsEffective protection and too soon interventionAccountability and poor integrationReform of the workforceThe aim was to non only protect children but withal to en suit adapted children to improve and fulfil their lives. The Green Paper built upon the foundations of Sure Start, aiming to eradicate child poverty and raising crack standards.The success of the Green Paper led to the paper being transformed in to Every Child Matters The adjoining Steps. Alongside this and with the support of the Houses of Parliament, the 1998 Childrens routine was reformed and adapted into The Childrens correspond 2004. This personation aimed to en courage. It likewise aimed to procure that LAs (Local Authorities) were tending(p) more flexibility when implementing their provision.One pull up stakes of this act was the development of Local Safeguarding Childrens Boards. These boards aimed to co-ordinate surrounded by all LAs in a local area in order to steady-goingguard children. The Act excessively allow fored in the formation of the Every Child Matters good modelEvery Child Matters Change for Children, became a national framework. The title Every Child Matters was apply to amalgamate all of the documents, that aimed to organise and abandon run that retardd all child and recent person became an active member of society. there was to a fault the aim of preventions as opposed to just dealing with the consequences. For this to work the framework suggested multi-agency collaboration from all those working with children and small people. Through this collaboration of services it would hopefully allow children and materialisation people to achieve the cinque outcomes of the The Children Act 2004 (Section 10). Section 10 requires public services to ensure all children and young people are-Protected from neglect and harm-Have the right to education, training and refreshment Physical and mental health and emotional well-being-Contributing to society-Achieve mixer and economic well-beingThese are summarised as enabling children or young people to Stay Safe, Be Healthy, Make a Po moldive Contribution, make out and Achieve, and Achieve Economic Well-Being. These quintuple outcomes are referenced to doneout Every Child Matters. To ensure all children and young people progress against these outcomes, policies and practices subscribeed to be substantial and implemented.The framework alike rivet on try to ensure any child had provision regardless of their background or circumstances, and to en competent children and young people to perplex a greater say just about the issues and problem s that affect them jointly and as individuals. This was evident in 2005, when the kickoff Childrens Commissioner for England was elected this gave a vowel system for children. This was one action aimed to prevent problems preferably than dealing with consequences. As well as this the framework was seen as an inescapable moral imperative that it intended to answer a radical reform of servicesIn 2007 The Childrens formulate was published, this aimed to build upon the Every Child Matters framework. The Childrens Plan Building Brighter Future was a ten course of study plan that aimed to center children and young people, and increasing the focus on parental roles and the wider communities. The Plan focused on the Childrens Trusts, and believed that this was central to delivering quality, and set high expectations of them to deliver. The Childrens Trusts had similar aims to those of the Local Safeguarding Children Boards, they twain aimed to collaborate.The Trusts take the child centred approach and use an integrated strategy of articulatio planning and commissioning, and pooled budgets. This inter agency co-operation aims to be sustainable by exploitation a shared language and similar processes. work in this manner office that the trust will hopefully be able to deliver a service that is very child centred, and has no restrictions from professional boundaries or all other existing agencies. Other frameworks, chess openings, acts and policies that stupefy been a result of, or linked to, the Every Child Matters polity include Working Together to Safeguard Children (2006) and The Equality Act (2006).My Local Authority has do m either another(prenominal) changes and developed many policies. The LA has developed a policy on e-safety, explaining the risks and what can be done to hang in safe. They have in like manner developed an Assessment and Response to Children System (ARCS). This explains the Common Assessment Framework (CAF) and how it aims t o assessThe LA are in like manner currently under fetching a consultation of the Thurrocks Draft Children and Young Peoples Plan 2010-2013 (CYPP). This is the revised plan is sign up to by many organisations that entrust key services for children and young people in Thurrock (including the Council, the NHS, the Police, works and colleges and the voluntary sector). It sets out the priorities for the Childrens Trust, establish on the analytic thinking of the motives of children and young people, and what has been learnt through versatile consultations and interactions with children, young people, their parents, carers and professionals. These plans have to be prepared by every area in the country and the segment of Children Schools and Families (DFSF) provide guidance to alleviate them do this. These plans will form the important planning document of all Childrens Trust agencies, and partner agencies, meaning that whatsoever is done with children and young people in Thurroc k it will contribute to achieving the collective ambitions everybody has for them.Thurrock Children Young Peoples Plan 2007-10, developed many policies much(prenominal) as separately Child, Every Young Person, All Agencies Our Plan 2007 2010. This identified the priorities that were makeed and the goals to be set in order for all children and young people in Thurrock to be able to achieve the flipper outcomes of ECM. It aimed to improve services in Thurrock over the past three years. The plan was delivered through the Children and Young Peoples strategic Partnership (CYPSP), which aims to meet the submit of children and young people in Thurrock. It sets out 12 goals that they aimed to achieve to be able to meet the ultimate five goals of ECM.In January of this year A Re view of School Improvement was in addition conducted by Peter Wylie for Thurrock Council. It was a review of how effective direct approach services in Thurrock were, and it went on to propose options for t he future whilst keeping in mind the local and national policy priorities.One much(prenominal) policy Your child, your schools, our future building a 21st century schools system aims to earn a school system. It is a system that aims to respond to changes in rescue and society and enable every child to enjoy growing up, and develop their potential and talent. It in any case gives them the broad skills they will impoverishment for the future.There are many guidelines, policies and legislation in place to ensure children are defend and achieve wellbeing, and each covers various areas and ensures multiagency collaboration. As a trainee instructor and a qualified teacher I will need to be sensible of these because they underpin everything that I do. indoors school and inside my teaching and planning, the five key principles of the ECM framework must be at the new wave of my mind, they need to be at the heart of every aspect of the school, including.Within Every Child Matters, a t the heart of the curriculum it states that ECM requires teachers to be committed and passionate, and offer. It besides states that teaching should include activities that are beyond the school, that complicate parents and link up to actual life experience. It also suggests. The curriculum is designed with ECM at the centre the design features address all 5 aspects, such as ensuring children are given up the opportunity to learn in many subjects, and in a variety of settings and environments. ECM is at the centre when considering and ensuring opportunities for events such as productions and sports days, and when considering the schools routines. Also when considering any extended hours, offering opportunities before, during and subsequently school, and link with health and social agencies.Young peoples lives are centred around school, and they clearly have an important part to play in supporting children to achieve the five aspects of ECM. Schools need to take into fib the needs of all learners when planning. I will now consider how each aspect is/can be supercharged in the curriculum.Schools can promote being healthy and staying safe by having a positive school ethos, which promotes inclusion. It should also follow many policies and procedures, to ensure children stay safe. When working as a Trainee Teacher and a qualified teacher I will need to be assured of all the policies that the school follows and ensure I am kept up to date with these. For simulation safeguarding and health and safety policies. Some procedures for this might be questioning any adults in the school without a name badge and safety hinges on doors. I will also need to ensure I promote inclusion by methods such as personalisation.The school in which I am training tries very hard to ensure that children stay healthy. They have gained the Healthy School Award and have recently been given The Sports interminable Award. The school now offers a range of after school and lunch peri od clubs, and provides healthy snacks for Foundation Stage and KS1 children. The school also brings in coaches to take P.E. lessons, to motivate learners and teach them the sport that they are experts in. Drinking water is provided passim the day and each child has their feature water bottle for them to boozing from when in lessons. The school also actively promotes walking or make pass to school, and conducts cycling proficiency for pupils. Over the past year lunch periods have deform more structured with MDA and LSAs taking structured activities. Another good initiative that the school has adopted is the use of companion buddying and mentoring, with each adult in the school mentoring at least one child that is in need. The school also provides opportunities for learners to grow vegetables. As well as having regular assemblies interpreted by police officers and visits from health workers. The school makes many links between the fraternity with visits to sing at old peoples homes and links with variant schemes through the library.When I am planning and teaching I will need to ensure that I use circle time to explore health and personal issues as well as encourage debate and peer decisions. I could also provide a quiet area within my classroom where children are able to take time out. Opportunities should be given to promote and encourage and to learn to be healthy in many subjects. I will need to be sensible of this and apply them in my teaching. A few examples include allowing for leaners to be empowered through devising their own decisions, encouraging diversity, respecting difference and teaching them about their own identity, and exploitation mathematics to investigate data on diet and health. History could also be used to explore community history and individual identity.Schools have the righteousness to ensure children are able to enjoy and achieve whilst staying safe when they are at school, through a wide range of policies and procedures. For example rules for how to use equipment safely, safeguarding, carrying out risk assessments, and bullying policies. However the staying safe section of ECM goes much further than the school and it is about.The school in which I am training provides many opportunities to ensure children are able to stay safe. They provide day and residential trips and set rules around the school based upon the schools Core values. With the increase in the use of the internet, the LA have also developed a policy for E-safety. The school provides mentoring and home work clubs to ensure the learners dont fall behind with work and also provide pupils with the opportunities to discuss any issues they may have. The school also has a council that acts as the student voice and gets learners more involved in the school. The school also encourages confidence for children to talk out, and uses role play, performances and presentations to promote this. The school uses visits from outside professionals, such as community police officers, and before any school trips, a safety double back has to be conducted.There are also many opportunities to promote staying safe in the subjects that are being taught in my school. For example art, and design and applied science could be used to promote safe practice and managing risks that may occur. ICT could be used to develop safety, such as questioning information and how to sit correctly at computer, i.e. .posture. When Teaching I need to be aware of how I can incorporate staying safe in my planning and in my classroom. I would also need to use the schools Core Values to assist safety and set class rules with the children. I will also need to take some responsibility in ensuring the school is safe, because it is everybodys responsibility not just the head teachers or senior managers. I could use stories in my class to deal with behaviours such as bullying and challenging stereotypes, settlement conflict and consequences.Schools need to ensure e very child is making a positive contribution by ensuring the environment is created to encourage all to enter. They also give learners a voice, and vary in teaching strategies. The school where I am training has a school council that provides the children with a voice to emit out. In the Every Child Matters, at the heart of the curriculum tract it states that if the children are aware that they have the opportunity to enrich the lives of others and support and care for them, and ultimately change things for the better, then they are much more presumable to be more sociable beyond the school gates.The school I will be training at provides opportunities across the curriculum to ensure children give a positive contribution. The school council gives the opportunity to make decisions such as what equipment shall be built in the playground. It is important that children are able to make choices that have a true impact. Learners are also given various responsibilities around the school such as being responsible for the library, putting books away or giving them out, watering and looking after the garden, and collecting the register. They also encourage learners to participate in clubs and projects around the school. The school offers various clubs and everybody participates in the Christmas plays, as well as using buddying and mentoring schemes. They make links with the community through projects such as Christmas singing and also use such projects to raise money for charities.I will need to be aware of these points to ensure that I incorporate them into my classroom, for example by giving children responsibilities. I will also need to be aware of the ways the children can offer a positive contribution in certain subjects, such as promoting group work in English, including listening, language and responding to others, or encouraging children to contribute to a performance in music. When I am teaching I will need to ensure I enable and provide children with an op portunity to speak out and tell me the support they need, and provide an environment which is created for all to be able to participate in. I could use various methods to promote positive contribution such as using talk partners, incentives and mentors.Enjoying and Achieving is promoted in schools by lessons forever and a day taking account for different learning styles and abilities, thus ensuring that learners enjoy their learning.To ensure they enjoy and achieve, I may need to refer a child that may need more specialist help, research any needs they may have, punctuate and personalise my lessons, and celebrate acquirements. If children are enjoying learning and have good demonstrative of(predicate) relationships, they are more likely to achieve. Every child has a talent, and it is the responsibility of the school to uncover these talents and ensure that all young people view themselves as a success and can live a fulfilling life.This means that the curriculum needs to be full of challenges and surprises. Children need to be able to build upon their own aptitudes as well as being able to enjoy what they are learning, and should be given opportunities to take on responsibility, whilst always considering each childs individual needs. The school that I am training at offers the pupils many opportunities to achieve and enjoy across the curriculum. The school gives each year group a topic every term, this allows children to see links between subjects, and provides them with opportunities to deeply explore issues. The school provides many trips from adventurous activities to historical sites, and provides opportunities for children to participate in the community through activities and projects. The school also provides many opportunities for children to abut their skills through concerts, plays, and sports, and uses an achievement wall to praise children that achieve and/or participate, as well as having achievement assemblies once a week. In the achievement assemblies many awards are given sporting awards awards for effort knowledge and reading or anything else that is considered an achievement. The school also provides catch-up lessons and additional support through lunchtime and afterschool.I need to ensure that I see the school as a learning community and that I see myself as a lead learner. I will need to ensure that I provide opportunities for children to explore deeply and widely. When I am planning I will try and ensure to incorporate the childrens interest into lessons, and I will also need to ensure I arrange trips to help them to enjoy and achieve. I will need to try and use experts and organisations when teaching, and reach out and use parents where possible. I will also need to fully participate throughout the school to ensure I assist in allowing children to enjoy and achieve.There are many opportunities in lessons where I can plan to ensure children enjoy and achieve. In PSHE I could provide practical learning activities that relate to real life. I could also use real life situations in mathematics or use investigation games and strategies. I will need to be able to incorporate and ensure the children enjoying and achieving is at the heart of my teaching and planning. I must understand that it isnt about just teaching the lesson it is about them understanding, enjoying and learning from the lesson.Economic wellbeing is about contextualising learning by relating it to the real world, and learners see the value of their learning. It also helps learners to create a. This means that children can achieve a great sense of satisfaction from being responsible for their own future.The school where I will be training uses many opportunities in the curriculum to help children to achieve economic wellbeing. The school provides learning opportunities for children to fundraise, in school or in an outside school setting. The school also encourages children to take on jobs in school such as taking responsibility fo r the school library or collecting the register. The school also provides leadership opportunities for pupils, such as becoming mentors or part of the school council. The school also actively promotes and embraces cultural difference and diversity. I could help children to achieve economic wellbeing by making them responsible for their dinner party money and make it their responsibility to work out any change. I must ensure I encourage children to take on responsibilities in the school and in the class.There are many opportunities for learners to achieve economic wellbeing in subjects. For example I could use English to develop communication skills, and expressing views and ideas effectively. Learners could also develop their skills in obtaining information, analysing it, and evaluating it in science. P.E. could be used to teach children to work both as an individual and as part of team.When considering my personal development, my priority is to learn how to plan correctly, ensuring I use various learning environments and take into account the different childrens contexts. I will need to sit down with my School Based Trainer and maybe the classs hold up teacher, and consider each childs context. I will then be able to use this to personalise and differentiate planning. It will also inform me of the childrens interests, this will help me to plan for their interests and ensure they enjoy the lessons.ECM has greatly affected education and the way teachers teach. It has impacted many areas from, planning, safety, and dealing with behaviour. It has played a major part in radically reforming many children and young peoples services and lives. It is important however to not only praise the policy but also to criticise the policy in order for it to be developed and improved. This can be seen in the development from the Green Paper. At every stage the original policy aims were evaluated and then reset. For ECM to fully achieve its aims it is important that there needs to be multi-disciplinary work, and that teams and colleagues need to continuously reflect and evaluate. The overall effect of Every Child Matters and been massive, and Im sure that the results will march on to be seen for many years to come.

Mycoplasma vs Mycobacterium

Mycoplasma vs mycobacteriaMycobacteria argon aerophilous and slender, curved rod imprintd species. Since they ar aerobic they like to plump in aras where oxygen levels are high such(prenominal) as, apical or upper part of the lungs. Thus, a decrease in oxygen density washbasin be dangerous for these organisms. On the other hand, Mycoplasma is a bacterial genus that has more than 100 species. It was first described in the late 1800s and members of this genus are very tiny. Even though most of the species of this genus are harmless, there are some that appear to be virulent and thence are responsible for specific medial material bodys in humans (1).Mycobacteria cell circumvent is composed of waxes and mycolic acids, which poses them resistant to Gram staining however, they can be stained acid-fast. Whereas, Mycoplasmas are gram negative bacteria and one interesting singularity of these bacteria is that they dont select a cell skirt which gives them an elastic shape that can vary easily (1). The odd cell wall of mycobacteria and the absence of cell wall in Mycoplasmas make them bombproof to more drugs. Plus, both, Mycobacterium and Mycoplasma, grow very slow, this to a fault accounts for the long time to make observable colonies on laboratory media.Both Mycobacterium tebibyte and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are pathogenic bacterial species that causes respiratory parcel of land disease. The disease that Mycobacterium terbium cause is called tuberculosis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are responsible for causing mild upper respiratory tract infection cognise as atypical pneumonia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was first discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch and it perishs to the genus Mycobacterium whereas, Mycoplasma pneumoniae belong to genus Mycoplasma. untypical pneumonia symptoms are disparate from typical pneumonia. In addition, sometimes patients dont dismantle bind any symptoms think to the respiratory tract. Frequently, patients remain ambu latory, therefore this condition is also sometimes called go pneumonia.Tuberculosis (TB) is spread from person to person via air. If a person, who has TB, coughs, sneezes, or speaks, he can put M. tuberculosis into the air. If close people breathe in these bacteria they can become infected. On the other hand, Mycoplasma pneumoniae is also transmitted from one person to another through close personal contact by respiratory droplets. Symptoms, such as fever, chest pain and cough, can be seen after the organism is in the hosts system for 12 to 14 days. Common characteristics of walking pneumonia are that the surface of alveoli is decreased due to inward swelling of the alveolar walls and alveoli dont fill with fluid.Whereas a typical pathogenesis for tuberculosis is that once the bacteria are inhaled, they start dividing at a very slow pace inside the cells (white blood cells) that have phagocytized them. They then educe a host response such as infiltration of neutrophil and accum ulation of fluid in the alveoli of the lung. The neutrophils are ruptured and unmake by the organisms. Then, macrophages and lymphocytes come to the alveoli and phagocytize living tubercle bacilli. These organisms again divide within the new host cell and destroy it as the phagocytes rupture they exclude infective organisms. This mold goes on until enough cells have been ruptured and an acute unhealthy response has occurred. If lesions are not healed, they can result in create from raw material necrosis or harden to become chronic granulomas, also known as tubercles. These tubercles may contain live tubercle bacilli or macrophages, and lung tissues and swear out in these areas are permanently destroyed. Also, some tubercle bacilli can also enter lymphatic and circulatory system. They spread through the body and track numerous lesions this condition is called military tuberculosisTuberculosis and walking pneumonia can be diagnosed in a clinical sample such as sputum however, since the bacteria grow very slowly sputum culturing process can lead weeks before it is declared negative. Other options for diagnosis of tuberculosis are X-rays or skin test and for walking pneumonia other serologic tests are ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence, etc. But usually treatment is attached ground on clinical symptoms.Mycoplasma pneumoniae dont possess a cell wall which results in osmotic instability, so they utilize sterol in their tissue layer for geomorphologic support. However, survival without a cell wall is not a paradox for these organisms, because they live in an animal (human) host, which is osmotically stable (2). M. pneumoniae are invulnerable to B-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, because they disturb the cell wall and these microorganisms dont have a cell wall (2). So drugs, such as azithromycine or fluroquinolone, are used to fight these microorganisms. On the other hand, Mycobacteria unusual cell wall hinders the access of drugs and makes many an tibiotics ineffective. However, drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin can be given to the patients for at least one year. In addition, bacillus of Calmette and Gurin (BCG) vaccine is world-widely used to close out tuberculosis, but there is no vaccine currently available for walking pneumonia. Thus to prevent atypical pneumonia close contact with infected people is avoided.Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the smallest bacterial pathogen from the genus Mycoplasma. This microorganism is responsible for causing mild upper respiratory tract infection known as atypical pneumonia. This type of pneumonia has symptoms that are different from the typical pneumonia. In addition, sometimes patients dont even have any symptoms related to the respiratory tract. Frequently, patients remain ambulatory, therefore this condition is also sometimes called walking pneumonia.Mycoplasma pneumoniae is transmitted from one person to another via respiratory droplets. Symptoms, such as fever, chest pain and cough, can be seen after the organism is in the hosts system for 12 to 14 days. Common characteristics of walking pneumonia are that the coat of alveoli is decreased due to inward swelling of the alveolar walls and alveoli dont fill with fluid. Atypical pneumonia is diagnosed by isolating M. pneumoniae from sputum or from a nasopharyngeal wipe up however, since these bacteria grow very slowly this process can take up to 3 weeks. There are other serologic tests such as ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence, etc., but usually treatment is given based on clinical symptoms.These microorganisms dont possess a cell wall which results in osmotic instability, so they utilize sterol in their membrane for structural support. However, survival without a cell wall is not a problem for these organisms, because they live in an animal (human) host, which is osmotically stable (2). M. pneumoniae are invulnerable to B-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, because they disturb the cell wall and the se microorganisms dont have a cell wall (2). So drugs, such as azithromycine or fluroquinolone, are used to fight these microorganisms. Plus, currently there is no vaccine available, thus to prevent atypical pneumonia avoid close contact with infected people.ReferencesWhat is Mycoplasma? WiseGEEK slip by answers for common questions. Web. 16 Feb. 2010. .M. pneumoniae. Index of /. Web. 17 Feb. 2010. .

Prior (2004) Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000 Book Analysis

antecedent (2004) Sydney man Saunas 1967-2000 Book AnalysisFarzan Babaei S5030791Article name Sydney joyous Saunas 1967-2000 Fight for Civic Acceptance and Experiences Beyond the ThresholdArticle character PhD thesis, School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of unseasoned South WalesArticle Author and Year Jason Hugh Prior (2004)Citation Prior, J. H. (2004). Sydney homophile saunas 1967-2000 Fight for civic bankers sufferance and experiences beyond the scepter (Doctoral thesis). School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of in the altogether South Wales, refreshed South Wales, Australia.Introduction and search QuestionsJason Prior is an establi put down exploreer particularly in the field of spacial governance and its relation to in skeletal systemality, religion, and health and wellbeing. In his PhD thesis tit conduct Sydney man Saunas 1967-2000 Fight for Civic Acceptance and Experiences Beyond the Threshold (year), he attempts to shed light on Sydneys gay saunas through two key questions. The world-class relates to how the gay sauna transitioned from a clandestine operation to a wakelessly recognized and accepted institution considered important indoors particular contact of the metropolis. The second concerns how the dynamic public domain of the gay sauna contri buted to the festering of gay culture in the city by fostering the hazard of collective and individual homo cozy rule.Part 1 of Study methodology and ResultsIn the prototypal part of the study, utilizing his background in urban sociology, planning, and legal geography, Prior draws heavily upon the works of Knopp (1995,1998) and Castells (1983) as a conceptual framework. He uses empirical examination and abstract of documents (including havement applications, archival documents, legal records, civic authority records, government gazettes, law reports, records of police raids, government acts, newspaper and mag articles, and twenty-nine in-depth in terviews) as a search methodology, to understand the process of acceptance of gay saunas in Sydneys civic society. Using these data, he traces the history of these establishments from 1967 to 2000. The first gay saunas existed through subterfuge and public charades by disguising themselves from the largely prejudiced society as gyms and fitness centres. Through the years that followed, change in legislation which led to the decriminalisation of homosexual practiceuality set the full stop for the outlet of the gay sauna into public view and their partial acceptance by civic authorities. Although the emergence of AIDS added a layer of complexity to the process, it led to new alliances between the gay community, medicine and the state government. These alliances played a major role in the eventual acceptance of the gay sauna by civic authorities, judiciary, and citizens as not just favorable but similarly sexual institutions. Prior argues that this transformation was possible thr ough the mating of greater understanding and acceptance of homosexuality by the general community, the mobilization of gay activists and the broader radicalism of the 1960s and 70s, and the emergence of enlightened processes by council bureaucracies and the judiciary.Part 2 of Study Methodology and ResultsPriors background in architecture comes into use in the second part of the study where he examines through an empirical analysis (analysis of the material features of the built form, and twenty-nine in-depth interviews), how the evolving social spaces of Sydneys gay saunas allowed men to develop and experience individual and collective sexual identities and practices. In describing the dynamic temper of these spaces Prior identifies three maps of evolution. The first and most basic/rudimentary stage started with the establishment of the the Bondi Junction Steam Bath, Sydneys first gay sauna. Here the carry was to providing a safe space where men could temporarily escape from the city outside, with a focus on the threshold to protect patrons from the largely homophobic world outside. The second manifold the shift of focus from the threshold to the culture of the domain, into the creation of a space that was more socially, sexually, and psychology enabling for the expression of homosexuality. This golden age of the saunas aligned with the gay liberation movement. The last stage focuses on the redesign of the domain into a safe sex venue to cope with the new experience of sexuality that AIDS awareness evoked. These stages involved changes to the tangible realm of the saunas, which in turn affected the type of sexual activity that took place.Critical Review/ Contextualization within other worksPriors well-structured and umbrella study fills a gap in the existing literature by adding to the largely unexplored realm of gay bathhouses in the Australian context. In describing the history of these establishments, he continually draws parallels between the U nited States and Australia which provides readers with a broader stead, and highlights the singularity of this particular context.The first part of the study which deals with the sexualisation of urban space is contextualized within the body of works of Foucault (1990), Castells, and Knopp, while the second part of the study which concerns how knowing sexual environments affect sexual practises fits within the works of Brodsky (1993), Rubin (1991), and Tattelman (1999). Priors work also contributes to the broader topic of studies specifically on gay saunas. The latter includes ethnographies particularly in the american context (Weinberg Williams, 1975 Styles, 1979 Chauncey, 1994), the study of saunas from a more architectural perspective where alternate design possibilities and concepts of queer space are explored (Tattelman, 2000 Betsky, 1997), and more recently, studies on AIDS prevention research (Bolton, Vincke, Mak, 1994 Binson Woods, 2003 Lyons, Smith, Grierson, Doussa, 2010).Link to my ResearchThe inter-relation between sexual culture, the built-form, and the social/sexual dealing that forms the core of Priors work, is a theme that I want to carry forward and build onto in my research. Specifically, I am interested in looking at how social and sexual relations have changed in the bathhouse due to technologies in the 21st blow such as PrEP, internet, and dating apps and how this in turn has affected the physical and social environs of the baths.The main aim of the authors research was to examine the social and political forces which contributed to the acceptance of gay saunas by Sydneys civic society. To answer this research question, he provides an in-depth description of the material (and immaterial) aspects of gay saunas in Sydney from the first gay sauna in 1967 to the year 2000, outlining distinct stages of evolution in the form/use of these structure. This data will form an important benchmark for my research which will explore the possibl e formation of a new architectural typology in the 21st century. The fact that this study, along with the work of Richters (2007), is one of the fewer literary works offering a detailed description of Sydneys baths, including stratum plans and advertisements in the gay press, makes it the single most important source for my research.ReferencesBetsky, A. (1997). flummox Space Architecture and Same-Sex Desire (1st edition). New York William Morrow.Binson, D., Woods, W. J. (2003). A Theoretical cuddle to Bathhouse Environments. Journal of Homosexuality, 44(3-4), 23-31.Bolton, R., Vincke, J., Mak, R. (1994). Gay Baths Revisited An Empirical Analysis. GLQ A Journal of sapphic and Gay Studies, 1(3), 255-273.Brodsky, J. I. (1993). The Mineshaft A Retrospective Ethnography. Journal of Homosexuality, 24(3-4), 233-252.Castells, M. (1983). The City and the Grassroots A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. London Edward Arnold.Chauncey, G. (1995). Gay New York Gender, Urban C ulture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (unknown edition). New York Basic Books.Foucault, M. (1990). The invoice of Sexuality, Vol. 1 An Introduction. (R. Hurley, Trans.) (Reissue edition). New York Vintage.Knopp, L. (1995). Sexuality and Urban Space A fashion model for Analysis. In David Bell and Gill Valentine (Eds.), Mapping Desire Geographies of Sexualities (pp. 149-161). London and New York Routledge.Knopp, L. (1998). Sexuality and Urban Space Gay Male Identity political relation in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. In Ruth Fincher and Jane M. Jacobs (Eds.), Cities of Difference (pp. 149-176). New York The Guilford Press.Lyons, A., Smith, A. M. A., Grierson, J. W., Doussa, H. von. (2010). Australian mens sexual practices in saunas, sex clubs and other male sex on premises venues. Sexual Health, 7(2), 186-192.Prior, J. H. (2004). Sydney gay saunas 1967-2000 Fight for civic acceptance and experiences beyond the threshold (Doctoral thesis). S chool of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of New South Wales.Richters, J. (2001). The Social braid of Sexual Practice Setting Sexual Culture and the Body in Casual Sex Between Men. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.Rubin, G. (1991). The Catacombs A Temple of the Butthole. In mugful Thomson (Ed.), Leatherfolk Radical Sex, People, Politics, and Practice (pp. 119-141). Boston Alyson Publications.Styles, J. (1979). Outsider/Insider Researching Gay Baths. Urban Life, 8(2), 135-152.Tattelman, I. (1999). utterance to the Gay Bathhouse Communicating in Sexually Charged Spaces. In W. L. Leap (Ed.), Public Sex/ Gay Space (pp. 71-94). New York capital of South Carolina University Press.Tattelman, I. (2000). Presenting a Queer (Bath) House. In J. A. Boone, M. Dupuis, M. Meeker, K. Quimby, C. Sarver, D. Silverman, R. Weatherston, Queer Frontiers Millennial Geographies, Genders, and Generations (pp. 222-258). Madison University of Wisconsin Press.Weinberg, M. S., William s, C. J. (1975). Gay Baths and the Social Organization of Impersonal Sex. Social Problems, 23(2), 124-136.

The Benefits Of A Pacemaker

The Benefits Of A PacemakerWhat is a Pacemaker?An maudlin artificial pacesetter is an electronic medical craft which is use to lot abnormalities in the calendar method of the tender- spunked nub. These devices ar apply intern aloney inside the body, atomic number 18 usually grim and embed into the chest. The sinoatrial node provides electrical im metres that allow the nerve center to bemuse at its normal roam, if the marrow squash were non able to do so by itself.Reason for the need of a pacemakerA pacemaker is employ to treat cardiac cardiac ar turnias. Arrhythmias argon problems or abnormalities in the rhythm of the heartbeat. These problems or abnormalities allow an unlawful heartbeat, the rate of the heartbeat being likewise slow or the rate of the heartbeat being too fast. Arrhythmias argon a distasteful condition which causes shortness of breath, fatigue and fainting. It post also make it to upright damage of bodily organs or even death if not tre ated properly. However these problems brook easily be solved with the death penalty of a pacemaker. A pacemaker can allow a soul with these problems to caterpillar tread a normal and active lifestyle relieving them of fatigue and fainting.How an artificial pacemaker engagesThe pacemaker is run on batteries and delivers electrical impulses through electrodes, which are connected to the cardiac muscle to bewilder the beat of the heart. These electrical impulses regulate the heart beat and maintain the correct rhythm of the heart. The leads which connected amidst the pacemaker and the heart publicise electrical signals foul and forth and sentience when the heart needs some sort of treatment. When it requires treatment, the heart will vex an impulse from the device to correct the problem.Human PacemakerWithin the cardiovascular system there are electrical events which cause the contraction and simpleness of the muscles in the heart. The cells of cardiac muscle can be classif ied as either non-pacemaker cells or pacemaker cells in terms of electrical activity. It is the pacemaker cells that create the impulses and control the heart rate.The pacemaker cells lie within the sinoatrial (SA) leaf inspissation. This node can be found in the wall of the right atrium. These pacemaker cells cause spontaneous depolarizations which generate action potentials that determine the heart rate under normal physical conditions. Pacemaker cells can also be found at the atrioventricular (AV) node, which lies within the ventricular walls. It is the SA node that more often than not generates the hearts electrical impulses and is the reason it is usually called the pacemaker, save if the SA node were not to function or if it was blocked on its path, it would be the AV node that would generate the heart beat and be tot up the new pacemaker.The failure of the function of these cells results in irregular and abnormal heartbeats which require correction. The artificial pacemak er can provide this correction with its own electrical impulses.Diseases Related to pacemakerArrhythmiasArrhythmias or cardiac dysrhythmia is the condition in which the electrical activity in the heart is abnormal. The pacemaker is used to treat this condition if the heart is beating too fast, too slow or if the heart is beating irregularly. The heart unremarkably beats between 60 to horizontal surface Celsius beats per minute, however various types of arrhythmias can cause the heart to beat below or supra this rate. Bradyarrhythmias causes the heart to beat below 60 beats per minute, tachyarrhythmias causes the heart to beat above 100 beats per minute.Causes of Arrhythmiasthither are legion(predicate) causes of arrhythmias occurring, which implicateInjury caused by a heart attack.Injury during healing afterwards heart surgery.Coronary artery disease.A change in the cardiac muscle in the heart.An imbalance of sodium or potassium in the blood which causes electrolyte imbalance s.Symptoms of ArrhythmiasMany symptoms can arise because of arrhythmias. Chest pains, shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, fatigue, and palpitations of the heart are all common problems associated with arrhythmias, except if left untreated the problems may become much more severe and may even lead to death. However an arrhythmia may also be silent and a patient may be unaware of this condition as no(prenominal) of the symptoms listed may have occurred. A doctor can detect an arrhythmia with a regular physical examination use an electrocardiogram which measures the pulse of the heart. Any complications in the rhythm of the heart will become spare and will indicate if a pacemaker is required.Types of ArrhythmiasAs mentioned already arrhythmias can be described as either bradyarrhythmias (heart rate too slow) or tachyarrhythmias (heart rate too fast).Bradyarrhythmias results in a heart rate unhorse than 60 beats per minute, the different types include fistula node dysfunct ion and heart blocks.Sinus node dysfunction results in slow rhythm as the heart beats because of an abnormal sinus node (SA). brass block results in delaying or blocking the electrical impulses which travel from the sinus node to the ventricles.A pacemaker can be used to treat both of the these conditionsTachyarrhythmias results in a heart rate higher than 100 beats per minute, the different types of this condition include atrial wrong beats, atrial flutter, paroxysmal tachycardias, ventricular untimely beats, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.Atrial premature beats are earlier than expected extra beats which come from the atria. These do not require treatment.Atrial flutter is rapid visual aspect atrial activity. This can cause rates of 250 300 bpm and is closely common after heart surgery.Atrial fibrillation is a common irregular heart rhythm. It causes the atria to contract abnormally.Paroxysmal tachycardis results in a rapid heart rate between 140 and 25 0 bpm originating from above the ventricles.Ventricular premature beats are unexpected beats from the ventricles.Ventricular tachycardia is a series of three or more ventricular premature beats in a row.Ventricular fribrillation is the most life threatening type of arrhythmia which results in disorded erratic impulses of the ventricles because the ventricles are unable to contract.Invention of the PacemakerWho invented the showtimely pacemaker?The first artificial pacemaker to be used in aiding the rhythm of the heart was invented by John Hopps. John Alexander Hopps was innate(p) in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada in 1919. He attended the University of Manitoba and in 1941 achieved a B.Sc.Eng layer in electrical engineering. In 1942 Hopps became a member of the National interrogation Council of Canada. Hopps did not produce the first pacemaker with all his own prune but had help from both Dr. Wilfred Bigelow, a Canadian heart sawbones and Dr. John Callaghan, a cardiac surgeon also from Canada. In 1949 the first work began with this trio in inventing the first external artificial pacemaker. The research and development for their project was undertaken at the Banting Institute in the University of Toronto with the end touches completed in 1951. With both Dr. Bigelow and Dr. Callaghans vast k straight offledge of the human heart, and Hopps degree in electrical engineering the first successful pacemaker was invented which lead the way to improve treatment of arrhythmias.Artificial PacemakerHow does it work?The innovational implantable artificial cardiac pacemaker consists of two parts, the pacemaker device which generates the impulses and the insulated leads which are connected to the heart via electrodes.The pacemaker generator device (pulse generator) is run by the use of batteries these batteries must store enough energy to provide electrical impulses to maintain the rhythm of the heart, they are recharged when required and put electrical signals back and forth to the heart through the leads. This device is relatively small and is implanted into the chest.The pacemaker leads which are insulated are also implanted into the body. These leads are genuinely thin and are connected to both the heart wall and the pacemaker generator device. The electrical signals which are produced by the pulse generator send small amounts of electrical energy through the leads which prompt the device to send impulses to the heart if the rhythm of the heartbeat is incorrect.Method of PacingThe methods of pace the rhythm of the heart include percussive pacing, transcutaneous pacing, epicardial pacing, and transvenous pacing. However these methods of pacing are only used temporarily in conjunction with an external pacemaker or in an emergency. The method used in the implantable pacemaker is imperishable pacing.Permanent pacing involves placing one or more pacing leads (electrodes) in the chamber/chambers of the heart. The electrode lead is inserted and pas sed through a vein until it reaches the heart valve, the lead continues to pass through the valve and is rigid inside the chamber of the heart. at a time the surgeon is pleased with the position of the electrode in heart chamber the pivotal end of the lead is connected to pacemaker generator device. The generator device is also implanted into the chest of the body.Different types of PacemakersThere are now many different types of pacemakers which assist in treating former(a) heart conditions as well such as combining pacemakers and defibrillators in one device. some(a) devices only use one electrode while others make use of many electrodes to regulate different positions of the heart.The three basic types of implantable pacemakers which use permanent pacing includeSingle-chamber pacemakers, this type of pacemaker only uses one pacing lead. The pacing lead is placed in only one chamber, either the atrium or the ventricle.Dual-chamber pacemakers, this type of pacemaker uses two pac ing leads. The pacing leads are placed in two chambers of the heart, with one pacing the ventricle and the other pacing the atrium.Rate-responsive pacemakers, this type of pacemaker includes a sensor that automatically adjusts ascribable to a change in the activity of the human body.Materials UsedThe materials used for producing the pacemaker generator and electrodes are inert, nontoxic, biocompatible and all function within the body.The plate of the pacemaker generator is made of stainless steel, titanium or a titanium alloy. The battery requires storing a large amount of energy but cannot be too big because of the small size of the device, for this a atomic number 3 battery is used. The electrodes are made from platinum or platinum-iridium alloy but insulated with polyurethane. Sealing of the casing or any other parts is do using silicon rubber or polypropylene.Methods of productionPacemaker devices are produced by biomedical engineering companies such as Boston Scientific. The re are three main components which must be produced to make a pacemaker.The main battery used for a pacemaker device is a lithium/iodine cell. The iodine and a polymer are mixed and het up(p) together first. The liquid iodine/polymer solidifies to form the cathode with the lithium forming the anode. Moisture is prevented from first appearance the battery by hermetically sealing it.The wires in the leads are produced using a method of extrusion. The wires are bundled together and insulated with polyurethane. One end is determine to fit the pacemaker and the other to be placed in the heart.The motherboard used in the pacemaker includes semiconductors, resistors and capacitors which are combined together on a single circuit using hybridization.Once these components are produced they can all be put together in the casing of titanium or stainless steel, and sealed using the polypropylene or silicon rubber.Improvements and the proxThere have been many improvements in the technology of pacemakers. They have been rock-bottom in size for the comfort of patients, the lithium batteries used have vastly improved the multiyear life spans of the device, better leads and wires along with improved electronics have cut power consumption, and now the device can treat various types of arrhythmias. change magnitude numbers of patients requiring pacemakers will mean more will have to be produced. Further research will be carried out to improve the be devices. Future improvements may include longer lasting batteries with the use of hot isotopes, smaller devices, and an application of cardiac pace making technology to the brain.

Critiques of Faulkner’s Sound and Fury Essay -- Faulkner’s The Sound a

Critiques of Faulkners Sound and FuryAfter recitation through a large chunk of lit crit, it seems clear to me how David Minter, editor of our edition, hopes to lineal the readers attentions. I was rather dumbstruck by the number of essays included in the criticism of this edition that felt compelled to discuss Faulkner and the writing of The Sound and the Fury evidently more than to discuss the text itself. Upon going back over the essay, I realized that Minters own contri plainlyion, Faulkner, Childhood, and the Making of The Sound and the Fury, is a prime example of such criticism of the text that focuses on the author, his universe of discourse of the text as a process, and the authors self-professed opinions of the text. I rent a number of problems with this idea. Although analyzing Faulkner and his process is not condemnable in of itself, it seems as though nearly every essay in this edition feels it needful to include a lengthy quote by Faulkner addressing either his hun ch of serve, his non-plan when writing the unfermented, or his deeming the novel a failure. After reading approximately these facts in essay after essay, one hopes Minter is satisfied in drilling them into the readers head. Another issue I shed with these inclusions is the relevancy of an authors statements concerning the writing process of a special(a) text after the text has been written. It seems that most of Faulkners comments about the novel and the writing process were recorded long after the fact, and I energise trouble believing his statements concerning his writing process after publication. It seems more plausibly that his repeated desire to emphasize Caddys positive character is a direct response to more negative receptions of the character upon the press release of the book. Re... ... wholly within the imaginations of her three brothers. For Benjy, she is a non-past memory for Quentin, her spoiled virginity haunts him (along with the honeysuckle he associates wi th her) for Jason, Caddy haunts in the form of the lost job and subsequent cloth loss. Thus she becomes in actuality triply phenomenally constructed, for not only does she exist solely within the imaginations of her brothers (in whatever form they are haunted by), but to a fault within the imaginations of Faulkner and the reader. Just as we are watching the watched watcher, readers conceive of Caddy solely through her watchers, the brothers, and their watcher, Faulkner. Caddy exists only in the imaginations of the three (brothers, Faulkner, reader), but she effectively and efficiently haunts them all, detached and delocated from her material physical structure into the phenomenal body of the imagination.

Religious Themes in Oryx and Crake Essay -- World Literature Religion

Religious Themes in Oryx and Crake It is in these representations of Snowman that I believe Atwood is making a definitive statement as to whether perfection created man or whether man creates theology. Undoubtedly Atwood is suggesting that man inevitably, despite of himself, creates God, with or without outside assistance.It seems that throughout the novel in that respect is an extended metaphor of Snowman as various figures from the Christian bible. The first figure that Snowman can be say to represent is that of Adam, the first man, though the similarities between the two characters do non follow the same chronology. Just as Adam is given the animals as companions to tang over, similarly Crake has ensured that the Crakers and Jimmy atomic number 18 both left in the newly re-created world as companions. A nonher strong proportion and play on words can be observed in the Christian story of original sin and Crakes mass destruction of humanity. In Genesis, God sets aside one f ruit tree and commands Adam not to touch or eat from it, as a result of Adams subversiveness, God casts him out of paradise, and forces hardship on him for the rest of his days. Likewise, Jimmy is fully conscious the first time he meets Oryx that she is off limits to him, yet his betrayal of Crake ultimately results in his leaving Paradice and forces various hardships on him. Lastly, in the Snowman-as-Adam device, there is a realization that the companions which absorb been assigned by a higher(prenominal) power are insufficient, and the following epic need for companions that are hand-to-hand on the evolutionary chain. For Adam, this companion was Eve. Throughout Atwoods novel Snowman is absolutely desperate for some companion, someone more understanding than the Crakers, or better than his ow... ...t this leads to a rather interesting debate whether or not the Crakers would have in the end created religion or at the very least art themselves, no matter of Snowmans interfer ence. I believe that Atwood is commenting on the fact that it is mans nature to be existential, to wonder where he came from, and who created creation, and that it is natural to invent possible answers to these questions when none are evident. For example, as Snowman returns after his foray back into the Compound he finds that the Crakers have created an idol of him and are chanting his name in a agency which sounds like Amen, next theyd be inventing idols, and funerals, and grave goods, and the afterlife, and sin...(361). Either way you look at Snowman, as a religious patriarch or a representation of the biblical serpent, he is still corrupting the Crakers with his false dogma.

Newark Museum :: Art

ROMAN OBJECTS1. non-homogeneous Roman Portrait HeadsThe portrait of a whiskersed man is from 150-175a.d. It is from the Antoine lay everyplace (138-192a.d.). The portrait is realistic to me because it is a sculpture of someone. My impressions on this are t put on his beard is kind of wavy. His hose has a piece missing or is unsloped damaged real bad. He is made out of marble. His face looks interchangeable he is mad or something, real intense. It also looks like it had cuts in his fore vanguard and part of his eye. His hair looks like a pile of rack up cream. GREEK GALLERIES2. Statue of KourosThe color of the stone of the statue of Kouros I would describe it as beige. The repairs to the statue are all over the body. It has cracks all over the arms, chest, back, etc. his headband is fastened by some thing on his head that looks like beads with spaces throughout them. It is from 590-580b.c during the archaic period. It stands pretty tall and also has a little staggered going aw ay on with his right foot back and his left foot up. finesse OF MESOAMERICA3. Fat Baby from Olmec CultureThe Fat Baby is during the 9th- 12th ampere-second b.c.e., during the Olmec period. The figure is white and hollow. The baby seems to be nibbling on his index finger, seating down with his legs open. It is pretty big meaning fat and looks old. It has a hat on that looks light pink and his lip is pulled back. The baby has no fangs and is cracked. It has a straight line going down his back with designs all over the left side.ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN ART4. Human-Headed Winged tinkers damIt is from the Neo-Assyran period during 883-859b.c.e. The highest relief would be its head. The writing was all around the statue in a different writing. It is very big and tall. It is on a right-hand(a) portion of the corner of a hallway. It looks kind of cool with a cocksuckers body with wings and a humans head on it. The face is kind of funny because of the beard I affect if long and real even. The human-headed wing bull had five legs.ASIAN GALLERIES5. stand up BuddhaThe standing Buddha is from the 5th century 319-500b.

Nigeria Fertility Rates :: Fertility Rate Africa Nigerian Essays

Nigeria Fertility Rates The fetidness rates in Nigeria are high because of Nigerian resistance toward family planning. Strangely, African maternal mortality rates are also the highest in the world.Nigeria, on the South Atlantic coast is one of the typical rural-based countries of Africa. It is generally dismantle in terms of education and income when compared to the rest of the world. Nigeria is also one of the take populated countries of Africa with one-fourth of the Sub-Saharan African population. The country has contri thated greatly to Africas affluence rise and the continent as a whole claims up to cardinal percent of the worlds population, which is comparable to its nine percent population density in 1950 (Caldwell, 1990, 118) Many researchers connect Africas economical and educational standings to the continents high fertility rates. However, this speculation was proven wrong by a comparison study make on the two continents of Africa and Asia. Both had similar social a nd economic upshots, but today Asias economy has grown more than Africas, and Asias fertility rates suffer declined more than a third since the 1980s. As a result of these studies many researchers now say that the reason for high fertility rates in the world is among the lifestyles of the people. Nigerian lifestyle is commonly rural and less industrialise than that of the rest of the world (Caldwell, 1990, 118).Not surprisingly, the introduction of family planning to African countries much(prenominal) as Nigeria started out slowly. At a world population crowd in Bucharest in 1974, most African governments cautiously took stress toward national population programs. Only a few countries supported much(prenominal) programs Nigeria was not among them. Ten years later, at a conference in Mexico City, most African Nations supported family planning. The Nigerian government set chair and now encourages women to limit themselves to four children other countries throughout the contine nt are doing likewise (Caldwell, 1990, 123). Although Nigeria was one of the first to try directly controlling the number of children a couple should have, it is still struggling with family planning. Like most African governments, the Nigerian government is a little apprehensive to create a population control program, much less one similar to Chinas. This is imputable to their fear of inflicting on the views of fertility issues. Nigerian views are somewhat contrastive they are centered on beliefs and religious practices that are strange to the regenerate world (Caldwell, 1990, 121).

The Dilemma of Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Essays -- Euthanasia Ph

The Dilemma of Euthanasia scalawag Kevorkian, serving a 10-to-25-year prison sentence for second-degree murder for giving a lethal injection to Thomas Youk, was honored as a addition on April 10. Kevorkian received the Gleitsman footings Citizen Activist Award in ceremonies at Harvard University. Foundation president Alan Gleitsman calls him a selfless believer in death with self-regard who sacrificed his medical license and now his own freedom toward that cause. With Kevorkian unable to attend, the present was accepted for him by one of those who nominated him -- his victims wife, Melody Youk. Kevorkian will plowsh are the $100,000 award with Alabama attorney Bryan Stevenson, a crusader against the death penalty. Kevorkian has pertinacious favored allowing execution by lethal experiments or removal of a prisoners vital organs. What is happening here? At Harvard University a famous euthanasia-doctor receives a gift of $100,000. Whats wrong with this picture? Numerous US stu dies have constituted that the Americans most directly affected by the issue of physician-assisted suicide -- those who are frail, elderly and suffering from terminal illness -- are as well more opposed to legalizing the practice than new(prenominal)s are * A poll conducted for the cap fleck on March 22-26, 1996, found 50% support for legalizing physician-assisted suicide (Washington A18) Voters sr. 35-44 supported legalization, 57% to 33%. But these figures reversed for voters aged 65 and older, who opposed legalization 54% to 38%. Majority opposition was also found among those with incomes under $15,000 (54%), and black Americans (70%). * An August 1993 Roper poll funded by the Hemlock Society and other euthanasia sup... ...d suicide attitudes and experiences of oncology patients, oncologists, and the public. 347 The Lancet 1805 (June 29, 1996)1809 Humphry, Derek. Whats in a word? Euthanasia Research & Guidance Organization 1993, turn off 1-A. Koenig, Dr. Harold e t al.. Attitudes of Elderly Patients and their Families Toward Physician-Assisted Suicide. 156 Archives of Internal Medicine 2240 (Oct. 28, 1996) Lee v. Oregon, 891 F.Supp. 1429 (D. Or. 1995), vacated on other grounds, 107 F.3d 1382 (9th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 328 (1997). Poll Shows More Would Support Law Using Gentler Language, TimeLines (Jan.-Feb. 1994)9 Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 2262 n. 7 (1997. -- -- --. 117 S. Ct. at 2272, quoting United States v. Rutherford, 442 U.S. 544, 558. 1979. Washington Post, April 4, 1996.

Laura Secord :: essays research papers

Laura Secord was originally an American. She was born in Massachusetts on September 13, 1775. Her start was doubting Thomas Ingersoll. He was a major in the American army. They were head known because Lauras draw was a clever man. In her family in that location were inventors, mechanics, merchants, magistrates, teachers and soldiers. Laura had ternary sisters. When she was eight her mother had died and her father had gone off to war, so Laura had to attend to after them. After two years or so Lauras father married someone else. A month later she got ill and died. triad years later he remarried a woman named Sarah Whiting. After Thomas Ingersoll became a newfangled Republican and saw excessive violence in Massachusetts, he moved his family to Upper Canada. When Laura was eighteen they moved again to energetic Port, which is near the Niagara River below the falls. After Laura had moved there she met a young man named James Secord. After dating for a long terminus of time, Ja mes asked Laura to marry him. They married in 1797 at the Church of England. They were precise wealthy. Laura was a big help to James in his business since she came from such(prenominal) an affluent family. By 1812, the Secords had five children, two servants, a small enjoyable house and a wealthy store. When they first got married, they lived in St. Davids and after creation married for a while they moved to Queenston. Laura did not work merely James was a Merchant. Life was good for Laura, James and their family, and it seemed the future held secret code but happiness. On June 18, 1812, war was officially declared. It was Great Britain with the Native Americans against the unify States. Queenston and Niagara Falls were long awaiting the attack of the US forces from across the Niagara River. James had already left to fight in the battle in which Sir Isaac Brock was killed. After Laura establish out that her husband was missing, she went to Queenston Heights to search among t he dead and wounded. James was there with gunshot wounds to his knee and shoulder. After his wounds were dressed, enemy soldiers demanded food and stay at the Secord homestead. The Niagara Peninsula became a hostile territory. Lieutenant James FitzGibbons special force of fifty men and one hundred and fifty Indians were stationed at Fort George, the contemporary Niagara-On-The-Lake.

The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay example -- Genetic Engineering

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), infrastructure cells ar 1 Cells with the susceptibility to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to change cells. Stem cells ar basically unspecialized cells that can, with proper physiologic or experimental conditions, become specialized cells. Specialized cells are usually called secern cells. These differentiated cells can thence be employ to regular damaged cells and eventually cure many unhealthinesss and disorders in humans. This could revolutionize the way social club treats health issues. Instead of trying to destroy and sure a disease or disorder, doctors could simply grow new cells that would be able to repair or replace the damaged cells and wind. big Stem CellsThere are two major types of stem cells, embryonic and grown stem cells. Adult stem cells are the undifferentiated cells that are found in tissue and organs in adults. These cells are usually found mixed in with differentiated c ells. These cells are used to repair and maintain the tissue in which they are found. Research of adult stem cells began in the 1960?s when scientists discovered them in bone marrow. Stem cells from bone marrow have been used in transplants for the past 30 years. Currently, scientists are unsure as to how adult stem cells develop. A major advantage to using adult stem cells is that each patient?s stem cells can be extracted, grown, and then reinserted into their body. This would ensure that the immune system would not reject the new cells. maven of the paradoxs with adult stem cells is that there are a very fewer number of stem cells in a sample of tissue. Another problem is that scientists are unsure about the flexibility of adult stem cells. Since they are found only i... ...ws-item94.htm .Stem Cell Basics. 2002. National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Nov. 2003. ?Stem Cell Debate Revives an Old Ideological Battle,? New York measure NY 6 Jul. 2001. first ed. A17 ?Stem Cell R esearch Global Differences As the U.S. Hesitates, Other Countries Move Ahead With Studies on Embryos,? San Jose Mercury News CA 7 May 2002, morning final 1E. ?Tangled Issues In Congress clone and Stem Cell Study,? New York Times NY 31 Jul 2001, first ed. A17 ? subroutine of Cloning to Tailor Treatment Has Big Hurdles, Including Cost,? New York Times NY 18 Dec. 2001 first ed. F2 What Are Stem Cells and What are They Used For? 2002. How Stuff Works. 15 Nov. 2003. .P1.http//www4.od.nih.gov/stemcell/figure1_primer0902big.jpg

Descartes to Kant: The Existence of God †A Very Brief History :: Philosophy, God

The later(prenominal) essay will cover a short history of the man of God from Ren Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), covers Descartes opinion on the initiation of God. chase(a) this, in (2), I consider G.W. Leibnizs view and George Berkeleys view is explored in (3). These first three philosophers undeniably believe God exists. The rest period of the essay covers three additional philosophers whose views on the existence of God argon less certain. These philosophers include John Locke covered in section (4), David Hume in (5) and, lastly, Immanuel Kant in (6).(1)Holding strong Catholic beliefs, Descartes, without a doubt believed in the existence of God. Descartes makes this clear in the beginning of Meditations on First Philosophy. He writes that we must(prenominal) believe in Gods existence because it is taught in the Holy Scriptures, and, conversely, that we must believe in the Holy Scriptures because they have suffice from God (Descartes 1). L ater, however, within the Third Meditation, Descartes considers the existence of God. In his search for haughty certainty, he initially writes, I do not yet sufficiently know if in that respect is even a God (Descartes, 25). In different words, Descartes does not initially know if God exists with certainty. He thus deliberates whether there is a God (25). Even though he questions Gods existence, Descartes still has an innate idea of God a substance that is an infinite, independent, supremely intelligent and supremely powerful perfect being who created everything (30). As a result, he concludes that because of his innate idea of God, (which was not conjured by Descartes of drawn from the senses), it must therefore be God who is the cause of this idea (25). Moreover, because Descartes exists with an idea of God, he concludes that God must also exist. He explicitly states this in the following I have no choice but to conclude that the specified fact of my existing is and of there being in me an idea of a most perfect being, that is God, demonstrates most evidently that God too exists (34). Descartes then continues, suggesting that it is highly plausible that he is somehow made in the cast and likeness of his creator (35). After this, Descartes continues the meditations basing many other things on the existence of God. But, in the Fifth Meditation, Descartes claims to provide a proof demonstrating the existence of God.

The Purpose of Shoes Essay -- purpose essays

property be not only worn to protect the human feet. They be also worn because they add the final touch to the style you are trying to create. The history of seat is very long and nobody very knows when the first shoes were created but we do know that they were originally act to warm the feet. Now, there are many different types and each signifier helps you function a different way. The shoe is also made up of many separate and every kind of shoe has different parts then other types. Year by year, shoes have been up(p) and becoming more and more popular. Now, we have all the equipment and all the materials we accept to make the shoe better than ever.The very first pair of shoes was created many years ago. Its purpose was to protect the feet from rocks and debris and also to take into account warmth. It was created in a very simple form. People used to make shoes by wrapping their feet in dried grasses, straws, cowhide and leathers. afterward on, pieces were developed from a n oval piece of leather which was bound by a piece of strong leather strings. This may have looked like genius of todays sandal...

text comparison :: essays research papers

I chose to compare the Martini chapter, which I will refer to as Martini, to Human image by Kent Van De Graaff, which I will refer to as Graaff. The chapter creation compared in both texts is the fruitful carcass. Graaff decided to separate the male and young-bearing(prenominal) procreative systems into two chapters, which didnt help or hurt the content. twain texts provided very redeeming(prenominal) information, and both had their good and not so good aspects.The opening pages of both texts look very similar and provide a lot of the same material. Both provided a very clear and distinct diagram of the male reproductive system, however, Martini provided a stepwise diagram of the dainty of the testes, which Graaff did not. Both texts used very clear and accurate pictures of actual cells such as the testes and other various structures of the reproductive system.Both texts use a diagram to help visualize the processes of meiosis and mitosis however, I found the diagram used by Martini to me easier to understand. The diagram used by Graaff tried to observe the DNA structures inside a cell which made it more rugged to see each DNA strand, and hence see what happens to it at each stage of division. Martini similarly provided pictures of spermatozoon structures, which Graaff did not. I found no solid difference in the quality of information presented about the male reproductive system in either text. Each seemed to give a clear, and pithy explanation of each accessory structure. For example, in Martini, even the smaller structures kindred the ductus deferens and accessory glands were given attention, and even a whole page of diagram, and also a share devoted to hormones and their functions in the male reproductive system gave very accurate information about the role of FSH in spermatogenesis, and LH in androgen production. Graaff did a very nice put-on at explaining endocrine functions of the testes, and it also gave a nice table gravid the actio ns of androgens in the male. Toward the end of the male reproductive section, Graff had a clinical considerations section which gave a very short, but informative description of various versed dysfunctions in males, and schoolingal problems that can sometimes alter the male reproductive system. Also after this section there is a nice developmental exposition section, which covers formation of male reproductive organs from embryonic development through to the decent of the testes.

Prostitution - Thailand/Canada Essay -- social issues

Prostitution - Thailand/CanadaIntroduction Prostitution exists in almost all cultures and civilizations of the world today. Just as the cultures differ richly from one another, harlotry and harlotry policy vary greatly throughout the globe. Although the act of whoredom itself is widely similar all over, the policies that argon affecting the sex interchange ar the most influential in shaping the unique and one-on-one sex industries of different countries. This paper takes a look at both very different countries with very different cultural value systems at bottom them. Not surprisingly their perspectives on harlotry differ significantly as well. These two nations are Canada and Thailand classic examples of occidental culture and Eastern culture. We maintain found no study that suggests that harlotry is more prevalent in either culture, but in general prostitution carries less of a social stigma in Eastern Nations, especially Thailand, than it does in the Western Nations. T o begin with we shall examine the specific prostitution command within each(prenominal) country, but as we shall soon see the unlikeness between legislation and practice is remarkable. Although prostitution has existed for thousands of years, virtues controlling the nature of the sex trade are only a few hundred years old. An epidemic of sexually transmitted disease in 16th century Europe, led to the initiatory serious efforts to control prostitution, as public health considerations demanded further restrictive legislation. Morality and cultural ethics befool also played a huge role in determining the position of prostitutes in society. When analyzing the difference between the Canadian sex trade and the Thai sex trade, it is extremely important to keep in mind how Judeo-Christian ethics fig the foundation of the Canadian policy. Prostitution laws in Canada Throughout Canadas history, prostitution has been legal. However, a visitor or even a citizen may neer be aware of th is fact. This is due to the impeding laws assignd in the Canadian criminal code. Canada has a very clear position on prostitution in theory. Part VII of the Canadian criminal code Laws pertaining to prostitution, state that bawdy houses are illegal (Criminal Code sections 210 and 211), procuring and living on the avails of prostitution of another person are also prohibited (section 212). Procuring and living on the... ...ior is widely accepted in the tourist districts of Thailand, and these girls who service the farangs are parcel of an established subculture. What does the future hold for Canada and Thailand? Although Canada has recently been increasing criminilization policies, the effects of these policies are just now being looked at. In 1995 many provinces worked together to hit the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Working Group on prostitution. The Working Group has been since trying to sort out prostitution laws throughout Canada. Referring once again to that Judeo-Christi an ethic, the biggest problem in handling prostitution for Western countries is that nobody wants to enact any law that seemingly condones prostitution. The growing opinion is however that the problems of prostitution are not problems of social morality, but problems of social order, and accepting prostitution is the quickest port to control it. As far as Thailand goes, they may not have the technology or industry of the Western nations, but they are advanced enough to have already realized that sex for sale is not a threat. It seems as if the state of affairs will continue in Thailand, as they are now, for quite some time.

How Could I Tell? - Personal Narrative Essay -- Papers

How Could I Tell? - Personal Narrative Im afraid you may never set ab fall out a desk commerce again. Employers prefer younger people They shouldnt - but they do. You must be more(prenominal) flexible. The man at the unemployment office had looked embarrassed. Hed as yet got his job. Age for age, responsibility for responsibility. The job was the only difference between us.But it was a big difference. In a way I really mixed-up my desk. It was comfortable. It had been part of me for so many years. It had brought in money - just profuse - to keep things going for just me and her. But now it was over. Chapter closed,Dumped. Did I bid? For a while I cared a lot, yes, then less. Gradually the me that was be by a desk gave way to a me that was free.The bills were overdue and there were loathsome scenes. To be honest, I accepted the job that day just to steer willing. Of course the pay was a joke - 10 in a day, if I was lucky. But, once I was out in the new-fashioned air, somehow it just didnt seem to matter any more. The world seemed full of possibilities unexplained, unresolved and only just round the corner. The country air matte fresh in my lungs, the sun beamed stack and my whole be tingled with anticipation. I had non felt so good for years. The heavy bag on my tough shoulders seemed light as a feather. The twisting country course stretched out in front of me with its high hedge bordering with a riot of gaberdine foxgloves and sweet scented creamy honeysuckle. Songs from hidden birds in the hedgerow crowd the country air, lifting me up, leading me on. Just a small country lane - but for me it held the promise of new and better futures. Each stride pushe... ... tie in that had grown so quickly between this lady, her mountains and myself was much stronger and ultimately irresistible. I reached up and enclosing her face between my two hands, drew her down to return her kiss. In a small part of my consciousness, I felt the coldness of the mountains begin to return. Her breathing was shallow and slowly, with gentle tenderness, our bodies moulded together. But excuse how was i to tell her about the job,or rather no job. Whilst wrapped in her warm hand with her lavender sent creeping up her body into my nostrils i recalled the wrathe of the words said by the man at the unemploymet office,as they seemed to put across circles in my head. Im afraid you may never have a desk job again. Employers prefer younger people They shouldnt - but they do. You must be more flexible.

A Fairy Tale :: creative writing

He knew that his first precede, the firebird, lived high up in the trees in the heart of the forest. Like lightening, they were hard to miss, and the piercing of its beak left(a) a burn that could never be forgotten. Suddenly, the boy heard a shriek, and he whirled his head to see the blood-red bird swooping toward his face. Panicking, the boy lunged for the ground, and for the sugar that the wise human beings had given him. He hurled it at the bird - and missed. The bird, angry, do another giant swoop at the boy - and tore its chassis as it flew straight into the blade of the boys sword. That was one creature taken condole with of. His next tar bum about, the freezing bird of passage, could be either overmuch harder, or much easier, the boy knew not which. The spider could not run, or jump, unlike whatsoever of its relatives, but it was harder to find, and its poison froze the human blood and do its victims help little, lying on the ground shivering until the arachnid fi nally took pity on his prey and ate it. He tried not to think about it. sort of the boy thought of ways to attract his prey if he could get it to come to him, the killing would be easier - and definitely much safer. The freezing spider would eat any kind of flesh it could, but it was well cognize that the spider loved most to eat the flesh of humans. Well, what should he do? Obviously bait was safer than waiting for an attack, so the boy pulled out his pricker and held it to his upper arm. That was when he saw the grey bristles of the freezing spider. It was sitting quietly on a nearby shrub, its back toward the boy. Holding back a sigh of relief, he took one quiet step toward his prey, holding the prickle high, and stabbed it through the spider before it knew what hit it. A little less active a kill than the firebird, but just as exhilarating. outright the only victim left in this task of the boys was the netherworld wolf, and what a creature. About the size of a pig, these do gs could tear up a man in two minutes flat, or so it was said. However, being the largest of the creatures made it the easiest target.