Queen Mary’s Restoration of Catholicism- a Failure

England.. as were to be seen in the control of this king bloody shame, whether we behold the shortness of her time or the unfortunate eccentric of all her purposes. The unforgettable regnant tabby bloody shame of England and Ireland did attempt to retrace the Catholic faith during her short hulk of July 6th 1553 to seventeenth November 1558, albeit failight-emitting diode at this mission. She is non remembered for her colourful die hard with cacophony sounding triumphs nor peaceful draw neares to incline society.In accompaniment she is established in history as all-fired bloody shame, a callous character, who viciously ruin Protestants t inheritor flesh scents pouring into the streets of England and luminous cries hauntingly echoing. Her legacy is remembered by many as a chastisement to remodel universality during her restrain. Her failed attempt of restoring the Catholic faith can be noblelighted in s make up main reasons which will be accounted for in detail. Ind eed, Queen bloody shames attempted counter of universality did usher to be a failure for many reasons.Firstly, she had make ited her half-brother Edward VI, who g overned England under a Protestant regime. Edward had introduced innate changes to the church service that dramatically transformed the morality to a purely Protestantism doctrine. This was to prove difficult to reverse to a Catholic country. Secondly, bloody shame as scratch line Queen of England and Ireland (debated whether Lady Jane colorise was) had to make a powerful approach to the throne. She was burdened with the position of being the illegitimate daughter of Henry 8s.The fear of being ridiculed by the public stood tall and Protestants infiltrated into England from Edwards contradicting reign. Thirdly, bloody shame during her reign of course re-introduced England under universality yet, in doing so England had much much consequences at hand. These consequences majorly filled the position of radical movem ents such as the traumatic Marian Persecutions which profoundly scared the Protestant followers and climaxed adversary towards her. Fourthly, Queen bloody shame married Prince Philip II of Spain and Portugal which was widely criticised and in public denounced.This subsequently led to the fifth reason which proven Queen bloody shames attempted restoration of Catholicism to be a failure. In war, allied with Spain, England lost Calais (in France). A 6th reason of failure emerges callable to the fact that Queen bloody shame was ineffective to uncover an heir to put in over her rubric. Lastly, her short lived reign was short energised by her untimely goal in November 1558. These points will be explored to a greater extent specifically. To expand the first point much is to be added. afterwards bloody shame Tudor was born to Henry viii and Catherine of Aragon into a Roman Catholic worship in 1516, Henry had their marriage annulled by Thomas Cranmer just over a decade of bloody shames kind. Thus, this left Mary with the obstructer of being an illegitimate daughter. It was after Henrys three married woman Jane Seymour (the second being Anne Boleyn) a son, Edward VI was born in 1537. This birth of a male heir dramatically and immediately impacted Marys entire life. Edward was to have a major effect on Mary position as he dominated the throne from birth. After Henrys death in 1547 Edward fulfilled this position at the young of age of nine.As Edward had been educated by Protestant tutors due to his yield break with the Roman Catholic church service with his subsequent deed of conveyance ultimate Head of the Church of England and Ireland it meant that he was an actively practising Protestant and his uncle Edward Seymour strongly promote reform in the Church. The first attack was that of the dissolution of the Chantries, this omitted the belief of purgatory. In 1549 he denote that priests could marry. By 1552 Edward had made a series of dramatic changes that were quickly crumbling Marys beliefs.Edward had introduced the Book of Common Prayer that include the abolition of stone altars with simple wooden tables and the Mass was replaced with the consubstantiation Holy Communion. However, preordination was accepted by Edward. A position in heaven could not be bought. Protestants abroad began to immigrate to England where they could freely and comfortably practise their godliness with fall out fear of being dictated as heretics. These changes completely transformed the Church of England during Henry octonary reign and much importantly were to prove more difficult for Mary to deal with during her reign.King Edward VI had died very unexpectedly from a cough that deteriorated and developed into a fever and the subsequent . difficulty in drawing his breath, and later . . compression of the organs on the right field side. It was proposed he had a tumour of some sort yet he was beyond recover. He died on the 6th July 1553. Ironically , Mary Tudor became queen at the age of fifteen. Yet, Englands religion now was completely turnabout to that of Marys belief due to Edward, this truly contri barelyed to her restoration of Catholicism being that of a failure.Thus, the second point emerges. As Edward was slowly fugacious he conducted a Devise for Succession. He denounced that his half-sister Mary should take to the throne. Not save were they simultaneously contradicting on religious terms but similarly, Edward was unwilling to witness an illegitimate Queen take to the throne. This also employ to Anne Boleyns daughter Elizabeth, who was also declared a bastard. Mary was impetuous that Edward had declared that his cousin (once removed) Lady Jane Grey was to succeed him.However, Lady Jane Greys reign was quite ironic in the fact that she succeeded for only nine days etymon from the 10th July 1553. A proposal was announced in which barring Mary from the succession was a cause in which the young King conceptualise d. Marry stood firmly on her ground and publically announced that she should be made queen. By the 19th July Mary had a brewing and overwhelming spot of supporters. In Suffolk she rounded up an soldiery of nearly twenty thousand. Soon Lady Jane Grey was accused of high treason and imprisoned in Towers Gentleman jailers apartments by Mary. She was beheaded in private.Yes, there was quite a rejoicing orientation with Marys now fundamental organisation as queen however, she was doomed in many respects from the developning due to Edwardss success. The Book of Common Prayer at this act was in full use and it hugely denounced and contrasted with her Catholic faith. Cranmers cardinal Two Articles proved very successful in the Protestant religion and were entirely difficult for Mary to dissolve due to the vast support. some other huge obstacle stood in Marys path and thus weakened her position. This damaging figuring was the Dissolution/Suppression of the Monasteries during Henry VIIIs Anglican reign.With the Acts of Supremacy in place from 1534, Henry VIII took over Church lands. Therefore, she found it completely difficult to remodel Church lands due to their ownership now in the hands of private landowners. This was a major problem that resulted in her failed attempt of Catholic restoration. A third reason exists that caused Marys failure. The Council of Trent encouraged by Pope capital of Minnesota III lasted from 1543-1565 a revival of the Catholic faith was debated and in desperate need of restoration which was the era of the Counter- reformation. Therefore, as the revival took place during Marys reign a lot of restoration was needed.Sadly, Mary proved ineffective here. Prior to her reign Edward had successfully dismantled Englands speed of light year reign of Catholicism inside a period of sextuplet years under Protestantism. Indeed, she immediately proved unpopular with the Protestants due to her resolve that she was to lead England under Cathol ic rule. She firstly imprisoned the Protestant leadership which were participating in the Church during Edward VIs reign these include such reformers as John Roger, Hugh Latimer, John Hooper, John Bradford and Thomas Cranmer by the end of September of 1553.Mary abolished Edwards successful religious laws and defined the 1539 Six Articles which was that of the Catholic doctrine that set out once again confirming that priests could not marry. A huge contribution to Marys failure was the barbarian Marian Persecutions. By 1554 Pope Julius III had reviewed and approved of the Heresy Acts. Mary I greatly abused this authority which granted her the drastic title of Bloody Mary. Many desired to flee the continent rather than be burned for heresy. In fact over eight one hundred Protestant reformers (many of whom landed in England during Edwards reign) retreated to Western Europe.By February 1555 Mary had already began her heretical burnings that were to be made her trademark. Also, by t he ninth of February Mary Tudor already had four Protestants burned including that of J. Hooper and J. Roger. Thomas Cranmer too was burned as a heretic. His position was soon succeeded by Marys executive governess Margaret Poles, (the 8th Countess of Salisbury) son, Reginald Pole in March 1556. Barbarically, Bloody Mary had over 283 Protestants executed the majority of them were burned. The Athenaeum or, sprightliness of the face Magazines statistically conveys the significant number of these innocent civilians.It states that there were twenty widowers, twenty-six wives, and even 2 infants were also involved in the executions (those mentioned were burnt). It was not strike that a large opposition towards Catholicism emerged after the huge number of heretics were burned. Marys support became unpopular in England due to the burnings. These victims of who were burned at the gamble soon were regarded as martyrs. This form of punishment was so intense that even the jurist and Franc iscan theologian, Alfonso de Castro utterly denounced it.This widespread outrage and opposition bad damaged Marys reputation and moreover failed the restoration of Catholicism. It was not peaceful and definitely not popular. Fourthly, Marys failed attempt to restore Catholicism can also be based on her marriage. From a very young age intents for a suitable husband were continuously being negotiated by Henry VIII. It is quite interesting in the fact that even when she was at the age of two Henry suggested that Mary in time should marry the Dauphin, the infant son of the King Francis I of France. However, this politically changed due to a contract.Then in 1522 it was suggested that Mary should wed the twenty two year old Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, who was also her cousin. From chopping and changing of hook up with plans Thomas Wolsey then proposed that an English alliance with France was secured, thus a French marriage did not have to commence. When Mary was in her late mid-t hirties it began to dawn on her that she should find a husband in take to to produce an heir. Mary was relentlessly eager not to have Elizabeth, her half-sister, retire from the throne. Charles V suggested that Mary marry his son Prince Philip II of Spain.However, in nippy contrast in England both the House of Commons and Lord premier Gardiner encouraged her to marry an Englishman as they were terrified of foreign affair clashes with the Habsburgs. In Kent a rebellion broke out under Thomas Wyatt, the younger, which also involved the Duke of Suffolk, who was Lady Jane Greys father. They wished to cease the marriage between Mary and Philip which was about to commence. They were in favour of Elizabeth. However, they were captured and imprisoned. Nevertheless, the French style hook up with proceeded on 25th July 1554 in Winchester Cathedral.Gardiner, even though in opposition with the marriage performed the ceremony which was spoke in a range of wording Spanish, French and Latin a s Philip could not speak English. Both in England and Spain the wedding was denounced. For Mary this immediately withdrew huge support and weakened her restoration of Catholicism. As mentioned, the wedding was nationally opposed due to contradicting countries with different affairs and policies. When Philip married Mary it meant that he was given the title King of England and a monarch like Mary, of Ireland. Also, coinage then bore both Marys and Philips head that was engraved on them.Philip had married Mary for political reason only and in fact wrote to Brussels alike stating that, the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration, but in shape to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the Low Countries. This then leads the question to a fifth reason. In July 1557 Philip, confident with more power was eager to regenerate a war with France he urged for Mary to support, which she did with little hesitation nor reluctance. Advisers begged Mary that England was in an unstable state to wedge a war due to continuous bad harvests meant that they lacked both food and finance.To make matters even worse was the fact that Pope Paul IV was allied with the French pass under Henry II. This aided in Marys failure to restore Catholicism. Disaster occurred again at a huge belt down in January 1558 when the French forces took Englands only colony on the European mainland, Calais. This defeat really was not needed. It positioned England in a very moot state with attacks (which were more minor to the Battle with France) in the Pale subject in Dublin, Ireland due to the Plantations that were in progress during the Tudor Dynasty.Marys reign was becoming completely tattered at this point to the extent of several(prenominal) and continuous faults. They all surrounded the failure of her attempt to restore Catholicism which was her main aim. As Philips marriage to Mary was solely based on political aspects Mary plans were different. Mary Tudors initial pla n for marriage was in hopes to produce an heir to abdicate the throne. Elizabeth was Protestant and Mary did not intend to witness her enforcement of Catholicism (even though a failure) be diminished. Thus, this springs a sixth reason as to why Marys Catholic restoration was a failure.In short, she could not produce a shaver due to medical reasons later devised, yet to rarify there is more to the story. It was in September 1554 Mary began to show signs and symptoms of a pregnant woman. Of course, she stopped menstruating, her weight increased and she suffered from nausea in mornings and evenings. By April 1555, her small fry was expected and even Elizabeth, who had been arrested since the Wyatt Rebellion, made an appearance at the wait event. However, even Philip was unsure of the pregnancy. He even wrote in a letter to Maximilian of Austria (his brother-in-law) portraying his disbelief, he quotes . . the queens pregnancy turn out not to have been as certain as we thought. even tide Susan Clarencieux (a lady in waiting), who was a friend of Mary Is, did begin to doubt that a child was present in her whom. Even by July Mary still showed signs of being pregnant yet no child emerged and it was believed that she suffered from a phantom pregnancy. Possibly, she desired to have a child to succeed her that she was willing to create a tale. Her inability to produce an heir automatically meant that Elizabeth was next in line to the throne.This condition which Mary have meant that an heir under her faith would not be able to succeed the thrown. This was a huge catalyst that failed her attempted restoration of Catholicism. Lastly, the ultimate cause of Marys failed restoration of Catholicism was due to the fact that her reign from 19th July 1553 was disturbed by her untimely death on 17th November 1558. It was proposed that she had died of an ovarian cyst or even a tumour which had caused her to believe (prior to her death) that she was pregnant. Philip was not in E ngland at the time but in Brussels.He as he states, he felt a reasonable regret for her death. To conclude, there were seven main reasons for Marys failed attempt to restore Catholicism. Possibly if she had lived longer she could have improved her position of the throne to the highest degree importantly the restoration of Catholicism. However, there were so many reasons for this failure it is provisionary it could have been improved. Indeed, she left an impact, yet it is majorly fixed on her negative title as Bloody Mary and most certainly not on her restoration of Catholicism which was, sadly, a failure. BibliographyPrimary Sources Spirit of the English magazine. The Athenaeum or, spirit of the English Magazines. Volume 3-April-October, 1818. Boston Munroe and Francis, 1818. Secondary Sources Cobbett, William. A history of Protestant reformation, in England and Ireland. Harvard Willaim Clement Publishers, 1824. De Groot, Wim. The Seventh window The Kings window donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557). capital of The Netherlands Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005. Duffy, Eamon. Fires of Faith Catholic England under Mary Tudor. Yale Yale University Press, 2009. Elton, G.R. England under the Tudors. capital of the United Kingdom Methuen, 1962. Fardell, Lane. The majestic Doctors, 1485-1714 medical personnel at the Tudor and Stuart Courts. Kent University Rocheter Press, 2001. Fletcher, Anthony and MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Tudor Rebellion. England Pearon Education, 2011. Foister, Susan. Holbein in England. capital of the United Kingdom Tate Publishing. Foxe, J. The Actes and Monuments of these latter and perilous days touching matter of the Church, ed. S. R. Frederic Madden, Privy crumple expenses of the Princess Mary, daughter of the King Henry the Eighth, afterwards Queen Mary.London W. Pickering, 1831. Haigh, Christopher. The English Reformation revised. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1987. Skidmore, Chris. Edward VI The Lost King o f England. London Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2007. Ivers, Eric. Lady Jane Grey A Tudor Mystery. Chicester Wiley-Blackwell Publications, 2009. Loach, Jennifer. Edward VI, eds. George Bernard and Penry Willaims. New Haven Yale University, 1999. Loades, David. The Reign of Mary Tudor. London Longman Publications, 1991. McNeese, Tim. memorial of Civilization- The Reformation.Dayton Lorenz Educational Pres, 2001. Porter, Linda. Mary Tudor The First Queen. London Little Brown, 2007. Redworth, Glyn. Philip (1527-1598), Oxford lexicon of National Biography, May 2011 edition. Rudolph Elton, Geoffrey. England under the Tudors. Britain Routledge Publications, 1991. Waller, Maureen. Sovereign Ladies The six Reigning promote of England. New York St. Martins Press, 2006. Whitelock, Anna. Mary Tudor Englands First Queen. London Bloomsbury, 2009. Williams, Neville and Fraser, Antonia. The Tudors. California University of California, 2006.